对伊斯兰国的军事打击
![本页使用了标题或全文手工转换](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png)
![]() | 此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 (2022年12月21日) |
![]() | 此条目需要更新。 (2018年12月21日) |
对伊斯兰国的军事打击 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
叙利亚内战、伊拉克内战、利比亚内战、博科圣地叛乱、阿富汗战争、马里北部冲突、马格里布叛乱、北高加索叛乱、摩洛冲突、西奈半岛动乱、反恐战争的一部分 | ||||||||
![]() | ||||||||
| ||||||||
参战方 | ||||||||
在叙利亚和伊拉克: 只限于叙利亚: 支援: 军事援助: 人道援助: 俄叙两伊联盟:
当地部队: 伊拉克当地部队: 叙利亚当地部队:
尼日利亚领导的干预: |
| |||||||
指挥官与领导者 | ||||||||
![]() ![]() ![]() |
| |||||||
兵力 | ||||||||
美国; 澳大利亚: 法国: 意大利: 北约: 荷兰:
葡萄牙:
西班牙:
土耳其:
英国:
俄罗斯:
伊朗: 埃及:
卡麦隆:
非洲联盟:
|
ISIL:
| |||||||
伤亡与损失 | ||||||||
|
至少28,000名伊拉克和叙利亚平民被伊斯兰国杀害[156][175][176] |
对伊斯兰国的军事打击是指自2014年6月以来,以美国、俄罗斯和世界上多达70多个的国家的多国军事部队为打击伊斯兰国而在伊拉克、叙利亚、阿富汗、埃及、俄罗斯、利比亚、马格里布(北非国境)、尼日利亚等国家境内实施的军事行动。
在此之前伊斯兰国势力快速夺取了伊拉克和叙利亚两地的大片领土,成为2014年上半年迅速崛起的一股武装势力。出于国际社会对其侵犯人权行为的广泛谴责和担忧,以及自身怀疑其势力的崛起可能会进一步加剧中东特别是叙利亚地区的混乱态势,许多国家纷纷出兵介入伊拉克和叙利亚的局势,对伊斯兰国进行监控、干预以及剿灭[181]。
2014年6月中旬伊朗根据美国和英国的情报,开始派遣无人驾驶飞机前往伊拉克。据路透社报导,伊朗士兵在伊拉克与伊斯兰国战斗。同时美国政府派出了少量的部队前往伊拉克,并派遣飞机在伊拉克地区监视伊斯兰国的行踪。
幼发拉底河南岸的全部伊斯兰国据点早在2017年12月17日就被叙利亚政府军攻陷[182],然而,由于叙政府军与叙利亚民主力量之间的协议,由叙利亚民主力量接收的幼发拉底河北岸伊斯兰国势力直至2019年3月末才被完全攻陷。
背景
2014年6月,极端伊斯兰圣战组织伊斯兰国由叙利亚入侵伊拉克北部,在短时间内攻陷了伊拉克北部大片地区,控制了叙利亚和伊拉克的大片地区。8月,因应情况恶化,英美联军开始对伊拉克北部的伊斯兰国目标实施空袭,以支援伊拉克对抗伊斯兰国武装分子。[183]
9月11日,奥巴马在对全国电视观众发表的直播讲话中表示,将扩大空袭行动至伊斯兰国控制的叙利亚地区。奥巴马表示任何威胁美国的团伙“都不会有安全的藏身之处”。[184]9月12日,来自巴林、埃及、约旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯和阿联酋的外长与美国国务卿克里举行会谈后,同意协助美国共同打击“伊斯兰国”。[185]
经过
2014年
9月22日凌晨,美国与盟国展开对叙利亚境内的伊斯兰国目标的首轮空袭。美军战机和军舰打击了数十个目标。沙特阿拉伯、卡塔尔、约旦、巴林和阿联酋亦有参与或支持空袭行动。[186][187]据报,F-22猛禽亦有参与空袭行动,是次是其自服役以来第一次参与的战斗任务。[188]
9月24日,美国、沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋的战斗机进行新一轮空袭。12座伊斯兰国控制下的炼油厂在空袭中被破坏。“伊斯兰国”过往一直靠黑市交易石油以获得资金。美国此次空袭是为了摧毁为“伊斯兰国”提供资金的相关设施。[189]9月28日和29日,联军再破坏多四个临时炼油厂。[190][191]
同期,由于阿尔及利亚有效忠伊斯兰国的武装组织把其法国人质斩首,法国表示考虑将空袭行动扩大至叙利亚。[192]
10月6日,伊斯兰国攻入被围攻多日的土耳其、叙利亚边境要道科巴尼,伊斯兰国武装份子与叙利亚库尔德人爆发巷战,并占据了制高点。[193]10月8日,美国在科巴尼进行了8次空袭,摧毁了伊斯兰国几辆装甲运兵车、武装车辆及一门火炮。[194]支援科巴尼守军的空袭仍在持续进行中。
截至2014年10月20日,以美国为首的多国部队在叙利亚境内发动了231次空袭。[195]“叙利亚人权观察”在11月22日称联军空袭已造成785名伊斯兰国武装分子、72名努斯拉阵线成员及52名平民丧生。[196]
2015年
此条目需要扩充。 (2015年12月30日) |
1月27日,在经过联军多个月来的空袭,伊斯兰国被迫主动撤离科巴尼。库尔德人彻底夺回科巴尼的控制权,结束三个月来的艰苦战斗。[197]
伊斯兰国于2月3日上传约旦飞行员卡萨斯贝被烧死的影片到YouTube。约旦国王阿卜杜拉二世誓言将倾尽全力打击伊斯兰国。2月6日,约旦大幅加强空袭力度,作为针对卡萨斯贝被杀一事的报复行动。[198]在3日内,约旦空军对伊斯兰国发动了56次空袭。主要的空袭目标集中在伊斯兰国在叙利亚的据点拉卡。[199]约旦盟友阿联酋亦派出一支F-16战机中队前往约旦,支持约旦轰炸伊斯兰国的行动。[200]
“叙利亚人权观察”在2015年4月底报告联军在叙利亚的空袭已杀死超过1,922名伊斯兰国武装分子,另造成66名平民丧生。[201]
2016年
2016年8月31日,俄罗斯国防部宣布俄罗斯军队的一架苏-34战斗轰炸机在叙利亚阿勒颇省的一次空袭中打死了伊斯兰国的二号人物阿德纳尼,但美国国防部亦宣布美国军队的一架无人机对阿德纳尼进行了“定点清除”行动,美国国防部的一名官员对于俄罗斯宣布击毙阿德纳尼表示:“考虑到俄罗斯在叙利亚行动的性质,这很可笑”。[202]
伊斯兰国崩溃
2019年3月23日,伊斯兰国最后据点上巴古斯被叙利亚民主力量攻占,丧失全部实际控制领土。不过打击伊斯兰国的一方亦有误伤亡,4月25日,联合特遣队-坚决行动发表检讨声明称,联军自2014年8月在叙利亚和伊拉克开展打击伊斯兰国行动以来,已造成1291名平民死亡[203]。
后续
2022年5月11日,打击伊斯兰国全球联盟年度部长级会议在摩洛哥马拉喀什举行,84个成员国及国际组织的代表参加了此次会议。[204]
国家参与
下表总结了每个国家参与针对伊斯兰国的整体国际干预措施。有几个涉及军事行动的国家也提供人道援助。
内容:
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
国家 | 于伊拉克境内 | 于叙利亚境内 | 于利比亚境内 | 于尼日利亚境内[205] | 于阿富汗境内 |
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | [206][207] | — |
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
[208] | [209] | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | |||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | |||
![]() |
— | ||||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
[210] | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | [211] | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | — |
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
— | — | — | ||
![]() |
— | — | — | — | |
![]() |
[212] | [213] | [214] | [215] | [216] |
![]() |
参见
参考文献
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
usairstrike
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Australia says it is deploying warplanes to join Iraq campaign. The Daily Telegraph. Yahoo. 22 September 2014 [22 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-04).
- ^ Om, Jason. Federal Cabinet gives go ahead to RAAF air strikes on Islamic State in Syria. ABC News. 9 September 2015 [10 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-18).
- ^ Minister Sajjan Announces Extension of Canada’s Contribution to the Global Coalition against Da’esh. National Defence. National Defence / Canadian Armed Forces. [1 May 2017]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-03).
- ^ Battling Dutch, Belgium prepare to send forces. MSN. [2015-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-29).
- ^ Denmark, Isis. The Huffington Post. 9 September 2014 [2015年12月31日]. (原始内容存档于2014年9月27日).
- ^ Sweden rejects calls for military support to Iraq. The Local. SE. 18 August 2014 [18 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-30).
- ^ Sweden to increase support in fight against ISIS. Radio Sweden. 21 July 2016 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-27).
- ^ Islamic State: France ready to launch Iraq air strikes. BBC. 18 September 2014 [18 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-03).
- ^ France bombs Isis depot in Iraq. The Guardian. 21 September 2014 [19 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-08).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Syria conflict: German MPs vote for anti-IS military mission. BBC News. 4 December 2015 [2015-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-28).
- ^ Germany joins anti-Isis military campaign. theguardian. 4 December 2015 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-03).
- ^ German parliament approves anti-IS Bundeswehr mission in Syria. Deutsche Welle. 4 December 2015 [2015-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-06).
- ^ Isis, la guerra segreta dell'Italia: forze speciali in Libia e Iraq. Ma il Parlamento è all'oscuro di tutto - Il Fatto Quotidiano. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-25).
- ^ Anche l’Italia fa la guerra all’Isis: missioni segrete dei nostri soldati in Iraq e Libia. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-04).
- ^ Turkey trains Kurdish peshmerga forces in fight against ISIL. world bulletin.net. [23 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-13).
- ^ Turkey bombs Islamic State targets in Syria. BBC News. 24 July 2015 [24 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-04).
- ^ Dutch send fighter jets to strike Iraq. Yahoo. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-25).
- ^ Young, Sarah. Britain ready to supply Kurds with arms. Reuters. 15 August 2014 [18 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-13).
- ^ Jordan carries out air strikes in Iraq, killing 55 IS militants. i24 News. i24 News. 4 February 2015 [4 February 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015年2月6日).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Morocco is the latest Arab nation to respond to an American appeal for more firepower, sending several F-16s to the fight [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Morocco is to send F-16s to attack the militants under the US-led operation [2] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Officials said the North African kingdom has agreed to join the U.S.-led coalition air strikes against ISIL positions in Iraq and Syria.[3]
- ^ Moroccan F-16 Carry Out Airstrikes Against ISIS. Morocco World News. [2015-11-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09).
- ^ RAF jets sent on Iraqi combat mission. BBC News. 27 September 2014 [21 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-01).
- ^ Syria air strikes conducted by UK military pilots. BBC News. 17 July 2015 [24 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-26).
- ^ UK troops to train moderate Syrian opposition. Ministry of Defence. 26 March 2015 [2015-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-03).
- ^ 28.0 28.1 引用错误:没有为名为
bi1
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Likmeta, Besar. Albania Starts Shifting Weapons to Iraqi Kurds. Balkan Insight. 27 August 2014 [2015-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-20).
- ^ Klix.ba. BiH će Iraku donirati više od 15 miliona metaka za borbu protiv IDIL-a. klix.ba. Bosnia and Herzegovina. [6 January 2015]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-06) (波士尼亚语).
- ^ До 2020 година 1.8 млрд. лв. ще бъдат вложени в армията [1.8 bln. lv will be invested in the military by 2020]. BG: Dir. 20 September 2014 [20 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-10) (保加利亚语).
Shalamanov does not consider the conflict in Ukraine to be the only short-term threat for Bulgarian national security, which is why our country is sending armaments to the opponents of Islamic State... According to him, the events in northern Iraq and Syria represent a growing risk that threatens our national interests.
- ^ Hrvatska u borbi protiv islamista: Na zahtjev SAD-a šaljemo oružje za iračku vojsku. Jutarnji list (HR). 21 August 2014 [22 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-13) (克罗地亚语).
- ^ Cyprus says facilities at France's disposal to fight Islamic State. Cyprus. 19 November 2015 [20 November 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-22).
- ^ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 Payne, Sebastian. What the 60-plus members of the anti-Islamic State coalition are doing. Washington Post (US). 22 September 2014 [2015-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-10).
- ^ Greece Brings War Against the Islamic State. Greek Reporter. 25 September 2014 [2015-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-14).
- ^ L’Italia pronta a bombardare Isis in Iraq. La Difesa: ipotesi da valutare. Corriere della Sera. [10 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-25).
- ^ Isis, Corriere della Sera: "Italia bombarderà lo Stato islamico in Iraq". Difesa: "Solo ipotesi". L'Huffington Post. [10 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-27).
- ^ UAE 'pulls out' of coalition air strikes against ISIL. Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera. 4 February 2015 [4 February 2015]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-21).
- ^ Singapore will join coalition against Islamic State. Channel NewsAsia (SG). 3 November 2014 [4 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-11-04).
- ^ Nissenbaum, Dion. US Military Shifts to Helping Kurds Fight Back. The Wall Street Journal. 14 August 2014 [18 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-10).
- ^ Weaver, Matthew. Iraq crisis: EU backs plans by member states to arm Kurd fighters. The Guardian. 14 August 2014 [18 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-20).
- ^ Polish Aid For Refugees from Nineveh in Iraq. PL: MSZ. [2015-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-18).
- ^ Rousek, Leos. Slovakia Launches Aid for Displaced Civilians in Northern Iraq. The Wall Street Journal (blog). 14 August 2014 [18 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-16).
- ^ Joint Statement Issued by Partners at the Counter-ISIL Coalition Ministerial Meeting. U.S. Department of State. 3 December 2014 [30 September 2015]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-14).
- ^ Sweden rejects calls for military support to Iraq. The Local. SE. 18 August 2014 [18 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-30).
- ^ Confirmed: Israel Providing Intel Against ISIS – Defense/Security – News – Arutz Sheva. Arutz Sheva. [2015-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-11).
- ^ Russia conducts first airstrike in Syria. CNN. September 30, 2015 [2015-09-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-03).
- ^ Tehran's Boots on the Ground. Foreign Policy. 9 September 2014 [11 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-11).
- ^ Blanford, Nicholas. Why Hezbollah is playing a smaller role in this Iraqi conflict. Christian Science Monitor. 16 July 2014 [12 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-11).
- ^ 存档副本. [2015-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09).
- ^ Schmitt, Eric; Rubin, Alissa J. US and Iraqis Try to Fragment Extremist Group. The New York Times. 12 July 2014 [13 July 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-20).
- ^ Libyan forces prepare for last push against Islamic State in Sirte. 31 August 2016 [3 October 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-22) –通过Reuters.
- ^ Algerian army claims killing 22 Isis-inspired Islamists. International Business Times. May 20, 2015 [14 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-10).
- ^ 54.0 54.1 Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS. Associated Press. Fox News. March 8, 2015 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-20).
- ^ 55.0 55.1 55.2 The International Coalition completes its second year of intervention in Syria, killing more than 6200 persons, including 611 Syrian civilians. SOHR. September 22, 2016 [September 22, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-30).
- ^ U.S. Airstrike Kills More Than 100 al-Qaida Fighters in Syria. US Department of Defense. 20 January 2017 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-14).
- ^ US-led air strikes hit al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria. Reuters. 6 November 2014 [9 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-12).
- ^ Pentagon: 11 al Qaeda terrorists killed in airstrikes near Idlib, Syria - FDD's Long War Journal. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-01).
- ^ As Caliphate Shrinks, ISIS Expected to Head for the Hills. Middle East Online. 12 January 2017 [14 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-10).
- ^ Helfrich, Kim. Islamic State moves to Libya’s desert valleys after Sirte defeat - defenceWeb. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-26).
- ^ Boko Haram War Not Yet Over. Leadership. 24 February 2017 [24 February 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017年2月24日).
- ^ France strikes Islamic State group's depot in Iraq. ABC News. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-02).
- ^ Abdelhak Mamoun. ISIS leader al-Baghdadi is incapacitated, says the Guardian. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news. [14 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-26).
- ^ Report: A former physics teacher is now leading ISIS - Business Insider. Business Insider. 23 April 2015 [14 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25).
- ^ ISIS' Abu Alaa al-Afri killed alongside dozens of followers in air strike - Daily Mail Online. Mail Online (London). 13 May 2015 [14 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25).
- ^ Hubbard, Ben; Schmitt, Eric. Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS. New York Times. 27 August 2014 [21 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-10).
- ^ Alessandria Masi. If ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Killed, Who Is Caliph Of The Islamic State Group?. International Business Times. 11 November 2014 [14 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25).
- ^ Matt Bradley and Ghassan Adnan in Baghdad, and Felicia Schwartz in Washington. Coalition Airstrikes Targeted Islamic State Leaders Near Mosul. WSJ. 10 November 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-02).
- ^ Kadyrov Claims Red-Bearded Chechen Militant al-Shishani Dead. ElBalad. 14 November 2014 [2017年5月8日]. (原始内容存档于2015年1月28日).
- ^ Kadyrov Says Islamic State's Leader From Georgia Killed. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 November 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ U.S. confirms death of ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani. CNN. 14 March 2016 [14 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-07).
- ^ ABC News. Top ISIS Commander 'Omar the Chechen' Believed Dead After Airstrike. ABC News. [14 April 2016]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08).
- ^ BBC News. US extra troops to boost fight against IS in Iraq. 18 April 2016 [21 April 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-23).
- ^ Barnes, Julian E. 2,300 U.S. Marines deploy new quick-reaction force in Kuwait. The Wall Street Journal. 1 October 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-05).
- ^ Lamothe, Dan. US companies pulling contractors from Iraqi bases as security crumbles. The Washington Post. 19 July 2014 [13 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-11).
- ^ Nissenbaum, Dion. Role of US Contractors Grows as Iraq Fights Insurgents. The Wall Street Journal. 3 February 2014 [13 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-11-01).
- ^ BBC news. 'Hundreds' more UK troops to be sent to Iraq - Michael Fallon. BBC News. 30 May 2015 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-03).
- ^ See U.S. warships head for ISIS fight. CNN. 13 April 2015 [23 June 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-05).
- ^ USS Carl Vinson begins return to San Diego. 13 April 2015 [14 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-02-18).
- ^ Rush, James. Isis air strikes: US brings in Apache helicopters as British jets target militants in Iraq. The Independent (London). 6 October 2014 [8 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-09).
- ^ Trevithick, Joseph. U.S. Commandos Are Flying Around Iraq. Medium.com. 18 November 2014 [25 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-03).
- ^ Tilghman, Andrew. Near ISIS front, U.S. Marine artillerymen ‘fire every day’. militarytimes.com. 7 April 2016 [29 April 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-16).
- ^ Trevithick, Joseph. The U.S. Army Hurls Hundreds of Rockets at Islamic State. WarIsBoring.com. 25 November 2015 [29 April 2016]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-08).
- ^ 84.0 84.1 Cooper, Hayden. Australians back air strikes against Isis in Iraq by three to one, poll shows. The Guardian. 5 October 2014 [5 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-01).
- ^ Australia says ready to strike ISIL in Iraq. AlJazeera.com. 3 October 2014 [6 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-25).
- ^ Deal agreed for Australian forces to deploy in Iraq, Foreign Minister Julie Bishop says. ABC News. 20 October 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-26).
- ^ Bree, Max. Largest group in decades. Australian Department of Defence. 9 October 2014: 3 [7 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-10).
- ^ McGuirk, Rod. Australia says it will launch airstrikes in Iraq. Navy Times. Associated Press. 3 October 2014 [5 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014年10月5日).
- ^ Radulova, Lillian. Australian military transport plane 'shot at' by Islamic State fighters in northern Iraq while delivering aid. Daily Mail (London). 2014-09-01 [2014-10-05]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-10).
- ^ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 Partner Nations Contributions Summary. Justin Fishel. 23 September 2014 [11 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-26).
- ^ McInnis, Kathleen. Coalition Contributions to Countering the Islamic State (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Congressional Research Service: 10. 18 November 2015 [21 December 2015]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-26).
- ^ Operation Inherent Resolve - Canada. Operation Inherent Resolve. Operation Inherent Resolve. [21 June 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-16).
- ^ 93.0 93.1 93.2 93.3 FAKTA: Danmarks militære indsats i Irak og Syrien. Information. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-10) (丹麦语).
- ^ Le Charles-de-Gaulle engagé contre Daech, des Rafale décollent en mission. L'Express. 23 February 2015 [20 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-21).
- ^ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 Iraq: The aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle left the operation Shamal. Zone Militaire. 20 April 2015 [20 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-12).
- ^ La frégate anti-aérienne Jean Bart quitte l’opération Chammal. Zone Militaire. 30 January 2015 [20 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-03).
- ^ Pinotti: "Contro l’Isis 500 unità italiane in Iraq". Corriere della Sera. 10 February 2015 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-16).
- ^ Iraq: 450 italiani a difesa diga Mosul. Arabia Saudita lancia coalizione islamica anti-Is. Repubblica.it. 15 December 2015 [1 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-15).
- ^ M5s: "Il governo invia caccia contro l'Is senza autorizzazione".. Repubblica.it. 16 November 2014 [6 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-12).
- ^ 100.0 100.1 Iraq, il ministro Pinotti: "Dall'Italia 280 soldati per addestrare i curdi, Predator e armi". rainews. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-12).
- ^ Decollano i droni italiani, missioni in Iraq e Ucraina. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-12).
- ^ "Morocco's counter-terrorism support will focus on military, operational and intelligence aspects, according to WAM. According to the ministry, the contribution of the kingdom will focus on military operational and intelligence aspects.[4] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Morocco is a member of the anti-ISIL coalition where the kingdom provides intelligence and operational support to Emirati, Saudi, Bahraini, Qatari Jordanian and American forces operating in Syria.[5] Archive.is的存档,存档日期2014-12-20
- ^ Morocco will send military forces to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to help fight terrorism and preserve regional peace and stability, the Foreign Ministry said on Wednesday. Speaking at a press briefing in Rabat, Moroccan Foreign Minister Salaheddine Mezouar did not reveal further information on this mission, such as the specific number of the dispatched troops. (...)"Morocco will provide military support to these brother countries in case that the Gulf states require intervention,"[6] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Souhail Karam. Morocco Says Sending Troops to U.A.E. to Help Counter Terrorism. Bloomberg.com. 29 October 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-07).
- ^ Dutch Parliament commits soldiers, F-16s to fight ISIS in Iraq. NL Times. [28 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-02).
- ^ Portugal vai enviar 30 comandos do exército para o Iraque. RTP. 16 December 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03).
- ^ Andrew Chuter. Saudi Typhoons Use Paveway IV Bombs on ISIS. Defense News. 25 February 2015 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-20).
- ^ Wary Spain Remains Reluctant Partner in anti-IS Coalition. Rudaw. 24 September 2014 [2 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-25).
- ^ Spain to send 300 soldiers to Iraq to train its Army. El País. 9 October 2014 [12 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-08).
- ^ Peþmerge'ye eðitim ‘Bordo Bereliler’den. HÜRRÝYET - TÜRKÝYE'NÝN AÇILIÞ SAYFASI. [25 February 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ Turkish forces 'strike ISIL convoy in Syria'. [25 February 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-07).
- ^ More UK troops to train Iraqi forces. BBC News. 12 March 2016 [16 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-08).
- ^ 114.0 114.1 114.2 UK troops to train moderate Syrian opposition. Ministry of Defence. 26 March 2015 [26 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-03).
- ^ British special forces join fighters on Isil front line. Telegraph. 30 September 2014 [19 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-02).
- ^ ISIS fighters are using human shields to protect themselves from RAF drone strikes: Militants deliberately travelling with women and children in Syria and Iraq. Daily Mail. 20 November 2015 [20 November 2015]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-19).
- ^ 117.0 117.1 RAF Typhoons Join Syrian Bombing Mission. Forces TV. 3 December 2015 [3 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-07).
- ^ UK details extent of combat activity over Iraq. Flightglobal. 2 March 2015 [2 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-07).
- ^ It's WAR: RAF Tornados bomb ISIS strongholds in Syria in two waves just 57 mins after vote. Express. 3 December 2015 [3 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-09).
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
firstUKsortie
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ RAF Tornado jets in Cyprus for Iraq aid mission. BBC News. 12 August 2014 [19 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-23).
A "small number" of Chinook helicopters would also be sent for "further relief options", the Foreign Office said.
- ^ RAF steps up Iraq and Syria spying missions in 'new Battle of Britain'. The Guardian. 19 July 2015 [19 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-02).
- ^ Global Gateway (PDF). Royal Air Force. March 2015 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-11-17).
The first Operational Atlas load was delivered to Op SHADER in Cyprus on 3 Mar - a sign of things to come.
- ^ Frères D’Armes – Brothers in Arms. Royal Navy. 18 November 2015 [21 November 2015]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-16).
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
UKSub
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ "Russian soldiers geolocated by photos in multiple Syria locations" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), MARIA TSVETKOVA, November 8, 2015, Reuters. "U.S. security officials and independent experts told Reuters last week that Moscow had increased its forces in Syria to 4,000 personnel from an estimated 2,000. A U.S. defense official said multiple rocket-launcher crews and long-range artillery batteries were deployed outside four bases the Russians were using".
- ^ 127.0 127.1 4 Russian warships launch 26 missiles against ISIS from Caspian Sea. RT English. [8 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-25).
- ^ Rosyjskie rakiety manewrujące uderzyły w IS. Wystrzelone z okrętu podwodnego. defence24.pl. [24 November 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-20).
- ^ Russian missile cruiser ordered to work with French in Syria. New York Daily News. 17 November 2015 [24 November 2015]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-05).
- ^ 130.0 130.1 130.2 Russia Pounds ISIS With Biggest Bomber Raid in Decades. The Daily Beast. [24 November 2015]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-19).
- ^ Russian Marines Position Themselves in Eastern Latakia. The Aviationist. 29 September 2015 [1 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-29).
- ^ Thomas Gibbons-Neff. This is the airpower Russia has in Syria. The Washington Post. 21 September 2015 [30 September 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-08).
- ^ Russian Fighter Aircraft Arrive in Syria. Stratfor. 21 September 2015 [1 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-23).
- ^ Russian Fighter Aircraft Arrive in Syria. Stratfor. [8 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015年10月15日).
- ^ Schmitt, Eric; MacFarquhar, Neil. Russia Expands Fleet in Syria With Jets That Can Attack Targets on Ground. The New York Times. 21 September 2015 [16 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-24).
- ^ Главком ВКС РФ признал: в Сирию были переброшены зенитные ракетные системы (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) NEWSru, 5 Nov 2015.
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
vox1
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Martin Chulov. Iran sends troops into Iraq to aid fight against Isis militants. the Guardian. [6 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-27).
- ^ Iran Appears to Be Launching Airstrikes Against ISIS in Iraq: Pentagon. NBC News. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24).
- ^ Iran Is Expanding Its Military Role in Iraq in a Bunch of Ways. Business Insider. [16 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-27).
- ^ ISIS militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader. ElBalad. [16 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014年11月20日).
- ^ ISIS can 'muster' between 20,000 and 31,500 fighters, CIA says. CNN. [15 November 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-08).
- ^ U.S. Bombing in Libya Reveals Limits of Strategy Against ISIS. The New York Times. 20 February 2016 [14 April 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-04).
- ^ ISIS Shifts to Libya After Strikes in Syria. The Washington Free Beacon. [12 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-08).
- ^ How Big Is Boko Haram?. 2015-02-02 [2015-02-02]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-29).
- ^ Islamic State group loyalists eye a presence in Afghanistan. Associated Press. 8 September 2015 [30 September 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-01).
- ^ US 'tracking closely' ISIL threat in Afghanistan. Aljazeera. 18 December 2015 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-16).
- ^ U.S.-led forces drop nearly 5,000 bombs on ISIS. Al Arabiya. 8 January 2015 [8 January 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09).
- ^ Fears of massacre as Isis tanks lead assault on Kurdish bastion. The Times. 4 October 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-05).
- ^ ISIS: We Nabbed an Iranian Drone. The Daily Beast. [6 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-02).
- ^ Now ISIS has drones?. CNN. 24 August 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-04).
- ^ Footage From an ISIS Drone. NYTimes.com – Video. 30 August 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09).
- ^ Taylor, Adam. In bizarre new video, Islamic State hostage gives tour of Kobane. Washington Post. 27 October 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-11).
- ^ Leith Fadel. ISIS Drone Downed by the Syrian Army at Kuweires Airbase in Aleppo. Al-Masdar News. [23 June 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-11).
- ^ 15 killed (31 October 2012),[7] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 25 killed (19 November 2012),[8] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 379 killed (2013),[9] 537–706 killed (2014),[10] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)[11][12] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 680 killed (2015),存档副本. [2016-03-23]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-26). total of 1,636–1,805 reported killed
- ^ 156.0 156.1 Iraq 2015: A Catastrophic Normal. [14 April 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-03).
- ^ Kurds needs arms to fight against ISIS - Business Insider. Business Insider. 5 June 2015 [11 June 2015]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27).
- ^ Ministry: 1,300 Peshmerga dead since start of war with ISIS. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-16).
- ^ Egypt: ISIS attack kills 15 security personnel in north Sinai. [20 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09).
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
news24.com
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 11 Chadian soldiers killed in Boko Haram attack: army. AFP. 6 October 2015 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-12).
- ^ Babak Dehghanpisheh. Iran's elite Guards fighting in Iraq to push back Islamic State. Reuters. 3 August 2014 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-09).
- ^ Amir Vahdat. 3 Iranian troops killed in attack near Iraq border. Navy Times. 25 June 2014 [2017年5月8日]. (原始内容存档于2014年6月25日).
- ^ Senior Iranian military adviser killed in Iraq. alarabiya.net. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-03).
- ^ 29 Iranian soldiers killed in Iraq in a month: Reports. Middle East Eye. 5 January 2015 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-26).
- ^ 166.0 166.1 US Casualty Status (PDF). Department of Defense. [24 September 2016]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-08-18).
- ^ OHara, Katy. Sailor Dies While Supporting ISIS Airstrikes in Mediterranean. military.com. [24 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24).
- ^ US Special Ops chief: More than 60,000 ISIS fighters killed. CBS. 14 February 2017 [14 February 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-02).
- ^ SpecOps Commander: 60,000 ISIS Fighters Killed by US Troops. military.com. 14 February 2017 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26).
- ^ Al-Ghasri: 2500 IS radicals were killed in Sirte battle. Libya Observer. 19 December 2016 [11 November 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-20).
- ^ U.S. says 300 Islamic State fighters killed in Afghan operation. [10 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-21).
- ^ Egyptian air strikes in Libya kill dozens of Isis militants. The Guardian. [17 February 2015]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-02).
- ^ SIRTE, Libya: Islamic State fighting in Libya's Sirte claims at least 19 lives - Middle East - McClatchy DC. McClatchy DC. [23 June 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-23).
- ^ US jets target senior IS leader in attack on Libya camp. Middle East Eye. [14 April 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-10).
- ^ Iraq 2014: Civilian deaths almost doubling year on year. [14 April 2016]. (原始内容存档于2015-01-01).
- ^ 2142 civilian citizens among the 4000 people executed by the "Islamic state" during the 20th month of announcing the "Caliphate State" in Syria. SOHR. [1 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-10).
- ^ "Airstrike monitoring group overwhelmed by claims of U.S.-caused civilian casualties (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". The Washington Post. March 24, 2017.
- ^ "Is the Australia Defence Force transparent enough about its role in Iraq and Syria? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". ABC News. 14 March 2017.
- ^ Civilians killed as Egypt launches air strikes in Libya. Al Jazeera English. [17 February 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-16).
- ^ 180.0 180.1 Isis: Worst refugee crisis in a generation as millions flee Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. International Business Times. [10 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-06).
- ^ Lister, Charles. Not Just Iraq: The Islamic State Is Also on the March in Syria. The Huffington Post. 7 August 2014 [24 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-19).
- ^ ISIS kicked out of Euphrates River Valley after big Syrian Army attack. [2019-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-08).
- ^ Iraq: US air strike on Islamic State militants in Iraq. BBC NEWS. [2014-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-17).
- ^ 奧巴馬威脅對敘採取行動. BBC 中文网. [2014-09-11].
- ^ 阿拉伯十國願助美國打擊伊斯蘭國. BBC 中文网. [2014-09-12].
- ^ Syria: US begins air strikes on Islamic State targets. BBC news. [2014-09-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12).
- ^ U.S. and Arab allies launch first strikes on militants in Syria. reuters. [2014-09-23]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
F-22's First Combat Mission
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 美軍公布空襲敘境內「伊斯蘭國」煉油廠照片. BBC 中文网. [2014-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-29).
- ^ 聯軍空襲「伊斯蘭國」煉油設施. BBC 中文网. [2014-09-28]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-09).
- ^ Air strikes said to hit Islamic State oil refineries in Syria. reuters. 2014-09-28 [2014-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-13).
- ^ 人質被殺法國擬空襲敘利亞武裝. 有线宽频. 2014-09-25.[失效链接]
- ^ 「伊斯蘭國」武裝攻入敘-土邊界重鎮. BBC 中文网. [2014-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-10).
- ^ Airstrikes Hit ISIL in Syria and Iraq. United States Department of Defense. October 8, 2014 [October 8, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-30).
- ^ Islamic State crisis: US-led Syria strikes 'kill 553'. BBC News. 2014-10-23 [2014-10-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-23).
- ^ U.S.-led strikes have killed 910 people in Syria: monitor. Reuters. 2014-11-22 [2014-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-26).
- ^ 庫爾德人趕走ISIS奪回科巴尼. 纽约时报. 2015-01-27 [2015-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-21).
- ^ 約旦外長:空襲IS目標是報復行動的開端. BBC News. 2015-02-06 [2015-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-27).
- ^ 約旦稱空襲大幅削弱了伊斯蘭國武裝能力. BBC News. 2015-02-08 [2015-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-10).
- ^ 阿聯酋派戰機赴約旦支持轟炸伊斯蘭國. BBC News. 2015-02-07.
- ^ Islamic State conflict: 10,000 militants killed in nine months - US. BBC News. 2015-06-03 [2015-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-08).
- ^ 新华网新闻:俄美争领击毙IS头目之功 都说自己立功对方可笑. [2016-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-30).
- ^ 以美为首国际联军在叙伊的行动已造成逾1290名平民死亡. [2019-04-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-16).
- ^ 打击伊斯兰国全球联盟年度会议首次在非洲国家摩洛哥举行. RFI - 法国国际广播电台. 2022-05-12 [2024-01-28] (中文).
- ^ Including Cameroon, Chad, and Niger
- ^ Obasanjo leads Colombian security experts to Buhari. premiumtimesng.com. 12 October 2015 [16 June 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-10).
- ^ In Pictures: Lt. General Buratai visits Colombia. thenewsnigeria.com.ng. 25 January 2016 [16 June 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-03).
- ^ French special forces waging 'secret war' in Libya: report. Reuters. 24 February 2016 [26 May 2016]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-13).
- ^ Carte des opérations et missions militaires: report. [18 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-24).
- ^ Britain and Jordan's secret war in Libya. Middle East Eye. 25 March 2016 [26 May 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-10).
- ^ 存档副本. [2017-04-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-01).
- ^ UK to send 250 more military personnel to Iraq. BBC. 30 June 2016 [9 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-20).
- ^ British special forces 'operating inside Syria alongside rebels'. The Telegraph. 6 June 2016 [9 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08).
- ^ SAS deployed in Libya since start of year, says leaked memo. The Guardian. 25 March 2016 [26 May 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-18).
- ^ UK to ramp up support to Nigeria in battle against Boko Haram. Financial Times. 16 June 2015 [2 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-13).; UK military chief visits British training team in Nigeria. Ministry of Defence. 12 October 2015 [2 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-01).
- ^ UK to send 50 additional troops to Afghanistan. BBC. 9 July 2016 [9 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-12).
They will join the 450 British troops already in the country - and will aid counter-terrorism efforts and provide leadership training.
; Better Canals, bigger harvests and more electricity in Bamyan. Department for International Development. 1 February 2016 [2 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-17).The UK is a key donor to the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF), which supports reconstruction needs and the delivery of basic services across Afghanistan.
|
|