對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊
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對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊 | ||||||||
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敘利亞內戰、伊拉克內戰、利比亞內戰、博科聖地叛亂、阿富汗戰爭、馬里北部衝突、馬格里布叛亂、北高加索叛亂、摩洛衝突、西奈半島動亂、反恐戰爭的一部分 | ||||||||
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參戰方 | ||||||||
在敘利亞和伊拉克: 只限於敘利亞: 支援: 軍事援助: 人道援助: 俄敘兩伊聯盟:
當地部隊: 伊拉克當地部隊: 敘利亞當地部隊:
尼日利亞領導的干預: |
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指揮官與領導者 | ||||||||
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兵力 | ||||||||
美國; 澳大利亞: 法國: 意大利: 北約: 荷蘭:
葡萄牙:
西班牙:
土耳其:
英國:
俄羅斯:
伊朗: 埃及:
卡麥隆:
非洲聯盟:
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ISIL:
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傷亡與損失 | ||||||||
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至少28,000名伊拉克和敘利亞平民被伊斯蘭國殺害[156][175][176] |
對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊是指自2014年6月以來,以美國、俄羅斯和世界上多達70多個的國家的多國軍事部隊為打擊伊斯蘭國而在伊拉克、敘利亞、阿富汗、埃及、俄羅斯、利比亞、馬格里布(北非國境)、尼日利亞等國家境內實施的軍事行動。
在此之前伊斯蘭國勢力快速奪取了伊拉克和敘利亞兩地的大片領土,成為2014年上半年迅速崛起的一股武裝勢力。出於國際社會對其侵犯人權行為的廣泛譴責和擔憂,以及自身懷疑其勢力的崛起可能會進一步加劇中東特別是敘利亞地區的混亂態勢,許多國家紛紛出兵介入伊拉克和敘利亞的局勢,對伊斯蘭國進行監控、干預以及剿滅[181]。
2014年6月中旬伊朗根據美國和英國的情報,開始派遣無人駕駛飛機前往伊拉克。據路透社報導,伊朗士兵在伊拉克與伊斯蘭國戰鬥。同時美國政府派出了少量的部隊前往伊拉克,並派遣飛機在伊拉克地區監視伊斯蘭國的行蹤。
幼發拉底河南岸的全部伊斯蘭國據點早在2017年12月17日就被敘利亞政府軍攻陷[182],然而,由於敘政府軍與敘利亞民主力量之間的協議,由敘利亞民主力量接收的幼發拉底河北岸伊斯蘭國勢力直至2019年3月末才被完全攻陷。
背景
2014年6月,極端伊斯蘭聖戰組織伊斯蘭國由敘利亞入侵伊拉克北部,在短時間內攻陷了伊拉克北部大片地區,控制了敘利亞和伊拉克的大片地區。8月,因應情況惡化,英美聯軍開始對伊拉克北部的伊斯蘭國目標實施空襲,以支援伊拉克對抗伊斯蘭國武裝分子。[183]
9月11日,奧巴馬在對全國電視觀眾發表的直播講話中表示,將擴大空襲行動至伊斯蘭國控制的敘利亞地區。奧巴馬表示任何威脅美國的團伙「都不會有安全的藏身之處」。[184]9月12日,來自巴林、埃及、約旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿曼、卡塔爾、沙地阿拉伯和阿聯酋的外長與美國國務卿克里舉行會談後,同意協助美國共同打擊「伊斯蘭國」。[185]
經過
2014年
9月22日凌晨,美國與盟國展開對敘利亞境內的伊斯蘭國目標的首輪空襲。美軍戰機和軍艦打擊了數十個目標。沙地阿拉伯、卡塔爾、約旦、巴林和阿聯酋亦有參與或支持空襲行動。[186][187]據報,F-22猛禽亦有參與空襲行動,是次是其自服役以來第一次參與的戰鬥任務。[188]
9月24日,美國、沙地阿拉伯、阿聯酋的戰鬥機進行新一輪空襲。12座伊斯蘭國控制下的煉油廠在空襲中被破壞。「伊斯蘭國」過往一直靠黑市交易石油以獲得資金。美國此次空襲是為了摧毀為「伊斯蘭國」提供資金的相關設施。[189]9月28日和29日,聯軍再破壞多四個臨時煉油廠。[190][191]
同期,由於阿爾及利亞有效忠伊斯蘭國的武裝組織把其法國人質斬首,法國表示考慮將空襲行動擴大至敘利亞。[192]
10月6日,伊斯蘭國攻入被圍攻多日的土耳其、敘利亞邊境要道科巴尼,伊斯蘭國武裝份子與敍利亞庫爾德人爆發巷戰,並佔據了制高點。[193]10月8日,美國在科巴尼進行了8次空襲,摧毀了伊斯蘭國幾輛裝甲運兵車、武裝車輛及一門火砲。[194]支援科巴尼守軍的空襲仍在持續進行中。
截至2014年10月20日,以美國為首的多國部隊在敘利亞境內發動了231次空襲。[195]「敘利亞人權觀察」在11月22日稱聯軍空襲已造成785名伊斯蘭國武裝分子、72名努斯拉陣線成員及52名平民喪生。[196]
2015年
此條目需要擴充。 (2015年12月30日) |
1月27日,在經過聯軍多個月來的空襲,伊斯蘭國被迫主動撤離科巴尼。庫爾德人徹底奪回科巴尼的控制權,結束三個月來的艱苦戰鬥。[197]
伊斯蘭國於2月3日上傳約旦飛行員卡薩斯貝被燒死的影片到YouTube。約旦國王阿卜杜拉二世誓言將傾盡全力打擊伊斯蘭國。2月6日,約旦大幅加強空襲力度,作為針對卡薩斯貝被殺一事的報復行動。[198]在3日內,約旦空軍對伊斯蘭國發動了56次空襲。主要的空襲目標集中在伊斯蘭國在敘利亞的據點拉卡。[199]約旦盟友阿聯酋亦派出一支F-16戰機中隊前往約旦,支持約旦轟炸伊斯蘭國的行動。[200]
「敘利亞人權觀察」在2015年4月底報告聯軍在敘利亞的空襲已殺死超過1,922名伊斯蘭國武裝分子,另造成66名平民喪生。[201]
2016年
2016年8月31日,俄羅斯國防部宣佈俄羅斯軍隊的一架蘇-34戰鬥轟炸機在敘利亞阿勒頗省的一次空襲中打死了伊斯蘭國的二號人物阿德納尼,但美國國防部亦宣佈美國軍隊的一架無人機對阿德納尼進行了「定點清除」行動,美國國防部的一名官員對於俄羅斯宣佈擊斃阿德納尼表示:「考慮到俄羅斯在敘利亞行動的性質,這很可笑」。[202]
伊斯蘭國崩潰
2019年3月23日,伊斯蘭國最後據點上巴古斯被敘利亞民主力量攻佔,喪失全部實際控制領土。不過打擊伊斯蘭國的一方亦有誤傷亡,4月25日,聯合特遣隊-堅決行動發表檢討聲明稱,聯軍自2014年8月在敘利亞和伊拉克開展打擊伊斯蘭國行動以來,已造成1291名平民死亡[203]。
後續
2022年5月11日,打擊伊斯蘭國全球聯盟年度部長級會議在摩洛哥馬拉喀什舉行,84個成員國及國際組織的代表參加了此次會議。[204]
國家參與
下表總結了每個國家參與針對伊斯蘭國的整體國際干預措施。有幾個涉及軍事行動的國家也提供人道援助。
內容:
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國家 | 於伊拉克境內 | 於敘利亞境內 | 於利比亞境內 | 於尼日利亞境內[205] | 於阿富汗境內 |
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[212] | [213] | [214] | [215] | [216] |
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- ^ "Morocco's counter-terrorism support will focus on military, operational and intelligence aspects, according to WAM. According to the ministry, the contribution of the kingdom will focus on military operational and intelligence aspects.[4] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Morocco is a member of the anti-ISIL coalition where the kingdom provides intelligence and operational support to Emirati, Saudi, Bahraini, Qatari Jordanian and American forces operating in Syria.[5] Archive.is的存檔,存檔日期2014-12-20
- ^ Morocco will send military forces to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to help fight terrorism and preserve regional peace and stability, the Foreign Ministry said on Wednesday. Speaking at a press briefing in Rabat, Moroccan Foreign Minister Salaheddine Mezouar did not reveal further information on this mission, such as the specific number of the dispatched troops. (...)"Morocco will provide military support to these brother countries in case that the Gulf states require intervention,"[6] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
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- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
firstUKsortie
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A "small number" of Chinook helicopters would also be sent for "further relief options", the Foreign Office said.
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The first Operational Atlas load was delivered to Op SHADER in Cyprus on 3 Mar - a sign of things to come.
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UKSub
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vox1
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- ^ 15 killed (31 October 2012),[7] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) 25 killed (19 November 2012),[8] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) 379 killed (2013),[9] 537–706 killed (2014),[10] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)[11][12] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) 680 killed (2015),存档副本. [2016-03-23]. (原始內容存檔於2016-01-26). total of 1,636–1,805 reported killed
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news24.com
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- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
F-22's First Combat Mission
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- ^ Including Cameroon, Chad, and Niger
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- ^ French special forces waging 'secret war' in Libya: report. Reuters. 24 February 2016 [26 May 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-13).
- ^ Carte des opérations et missions militaires: report. [18 July 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-24).
- ^ Britain and Jordan's secret war in Libya. Middle East Eye. 25 March 2016 [26 May 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-10).
- ^ 存档副本. [2017-04-08]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-01).
- ^ UK to send 250 more military personnel to Iraq. BBC. 30 June 2016 [9 July 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-20).
- ^ British special forces 'operating inside Syria alongside rebels'. The Telegraph. 6 June 2016 [9 July 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-08).
- ^ SAS deployed in Libya since start of year, says leaked memo. The Guardian. 25 March 2016 [26 May 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-18).
- ^ UK to ramp up support to Nigeria in battle against Boko Haram. Financial Times. 16 June 2015 [2 February 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2016-09-13).; UK military chief visits British training team in Nigeria. Ministry of Defence. 12 October 2015 [2 February 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-01).
- ^ UK to send 50 additional troops to Afghanistan. BBC. 9 July 2016 [9 July 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-12).
They will join the 450 British troops already in the country - and will aid counter-terrorism efforts and provide leadership training.
; Better Canals, bigger harvests and more electricity in Bamyan. Department for International Development. 1 February 2016 [2 February 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-17).The UK is a key donor to the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF), which supports reconstruction needs and the delivery of basic services across Afghanistan.
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