委内瑞拉难民危机
| 委内瑞拉危机的一部分 | |
   | |
| 日期 | 1999年–现在 (主要阶段始于 2015年) |
|---|---|
| 地点 | 委内瑞拉 |
| 别名 | 玻利瓦尔流散 |
| 起因 | 社会问题、政治迫害、犯罪、经济衰退、贪污、贫穷、审查制度、 失业、恶性通货膨胀、短缺、营养不良、侵犯人权及其他[1][2][3] |
| 结果 | |
委内瑞拉难民危机，也称为玻利瓦尔流散（英语：Bolivarian diaspora），是美洲最大的难民危机，[8]有数百万委内瑞拉人在乌戈·查韦斯和尼古拉斯·马杜罗两位总统任内向外移民，肇因于玻利瓦尔革命。[1][2][9]那是查韦斯和继任的马杜罗试图建立文化和政治霸权，[10][11][12]最终导致了玻利瓦尔委内瑞拉危机。[13]这场难民危机已被拿来与古巴流亡潮、叙利亚难民和欧洲移民危机相提并论。[14][15]该国政府否认了任何难民危机，并声称联合国和其他国家正试图为干预委内瑞拉内政而辩护。
《新闻周刊》将“玻利瓦尔流散”描述为“大规模逆转财富”，其中“逆转”与委内瑞拉在20世纪的高移民率相提并论。[2]最初，上流的委内瑞拉人和学者在查韦斯担任总统期间移居国外，但随着该国情况的恶化，中产阶级和下层阶级的委内瑞拉人也开始离开。[16]由于大量受过教育或有技术能力的移民，造成了国家人才外流。[17][18]在对该国的反对派政治感到失望之后，反对马杜罗总统的委内瑞拉人也离开了该国，从而增加了马杜罗政府的支持率。[19]
在危机期间，经常有人问委内瑞拉人是否想离开自己的祖国，[20]并且在2015年12月的一项调查中，有30％以上的人说他们计划永久离开委内瑞拉。[21]根据Datincorp的资料，该百分比在次年9月几乎倍增，有57％的受访者想离开该国。[22]自从1999年革命开始以来，到了2019年中，委内瑞拉超过400万人移民，约占该国人口的13％。[23][7][24]联合国预测，到2019年底，委内瑞拉危机期间将有500万记录在册的移民，超过人口的15％。[25]布鲁金斯学会（Brookings Institution）在2018年末进行的一项研究表明，到2019年底，移民人数将达到600万，约占委内瑞拉2017年人口的20％。[26]Consultares 21在2019年中进行的一项民意调查估计，多达600万委内瑞拉人在这个时间点上已经逃离了该国；[5]到2020年的估计表明，委内瑞拉的移民和难民人数已超过600万。[27]这时叙利亚内战难民数也是600万人，叙利亚内战发生时间早于委内瑞拉危机数年，而且被认为是当时世界上最严重的人道灾难。[27][28]
参考文献
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The Bolivarian diaspora is a reversal of fortune on a massive scale
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The Bolivarian diaspora is a reversal of fortune on a massive scale
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This human outflow, ... is the largest displacement of people in Latin American history
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Venezuela is the most urgent humanitarian disaster in the Western Hemisphere, producing the largest exodus of refugees in the history of the Americas
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Latin America is facing the largest refugee crisis in its history as hundreds of thousands of people flee Venezuela to escape severe economic hardship.
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Venezuela has lost a tenth of its population in the past two years as people fled, even trekking across mountains, setting off Latin America’s biggest ever refugee crisis.
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- ^ · Maria Delgado, Antonio. Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros. El Nuevo Herald. August 28, 2014 [August 28, 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-27）.
The massive emigration of Venezuelans, a trend that was unprecedented in the republican history of the nation, is mainly motivated by personal insecurity, legal insecurity and lack of options to progress under the Bolivarian regime
- Weddle, Cody. More desperate college grads flee Venezuela. WPLG. March 18, 2017 [October 15, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-12）.
some academics refer to the exodus in its totality as the Bolivarian diaspora
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And as conditions in Venezuela worsen, the “Bolivarian Diaspora” is likely to keep growing. One measure of the desperation:the number of Venezuelans seeking asylum abroad tripled from 2015 to 2016.
- Manner, Benedict. A family bereavement brings home Venezuela's crisis. Financial Times. September 5, 2017 [October 15, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-22）.
Like the rest of the 'Bolivarian diaspora' dotted around the globe, it has been impossible to escape the asphyxiating drama
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Venezuela's fall is considered to be mainly caused by the populist policy ... Venezuela, for decades, has increased the number of public sector employees and has promoted populist support to maintain the regime
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