委內瑞拉難民危機
| 委內瑞拉危機的一部分 | |
   | |
| 日期 | 1999年–現在 (主要階段始於 2015年) |
|---|---|
| 地點 | 委內瑞拉 |
| 別名 | 玻利瓦爾流散 |
| 起因 | 社會問題、政治迫害、犯罪、經濟衰退、貪污、貧窮、審查制度、 失業、惡性通貨膨脹、短缺、營養不良、侵犯人權及其他[1][2][3] |
| 結果 | |
委內瑞拉難民危機，也稱為玻利瓦爾流散（英語：Bolivarian diaspora），是美洲最大的難民危機，[8]有數百萬委內瑞拉人在烏戈·查韋斯和尼古拉斯·馬杜羅兩位總統任內向外移民，肇因於玻利瓦爾革命。[1][2][9]那是查韋斯和繼任的馬杜羅試圖建立文化和政治霸權，[10][11][12]最終導致了玻利瓦爾委內瑞拉危機。[13]這場難民危機已被拿來與古巴流亡潮、敘利亞難民和歐洲移民危機相提並論。[14][15]該國政府否認了任何難民危機，並聲稱聯合國和其他國家正試圖為干預委內瑞拉內政而辯護。
《新聞周刊》將「玻利瓦爾流散」描述為「大規模逆轉財富」，其中「逆轉」與委內瑞拉在20世紀的高移民率相提並論。[2]最初，上流的委內瑞拉人和學者在查韋斯擔任總統期間移居國外，但隨著該國情況的惡化，中產階級和下層階級的委內瑞拉人也開始離開。[16]由於大量受過教育或有技術能力的移民，造成了國家人才外流。[17][18]在對該國的反對派政治感到失望之後，反對馬杜羅總統的委內瑞拉人也離開了該國，從而增加了馬杜羅政府的支持率。[19]
在危機期間，經常有人問委內瑞拉人是否想離開自己的祖國，[20]並且在2015年12月的一項調查中，有30％以上的人說他們計劃永久離開委內瑞拉。[21]根據Datincorp的資料，該百分比在次年9月幾乎倍增，有57％的受訪者想離開該國。[22]自從1999年革命開始以來，到了2019年中，委內瑞拉超過400萬人移民，約佔該國人口的13％。[23][7][24]聯合國預測，到2019年底，委內瑞拉危機期間將有500萬記錄在冊的移民，超過人口的15％。[25]布魯金斯學會（Brookings Institution）在2018年末進行的一項研究表明，到2019年底，移民人數將達到600萬，約佔委內瑞拉2017年人口的20％。[26]Consultares 21在2019年中進行的一項民意調查估計，多達600萬委內瑞拉人在這個時間點上已經逃離了該國；[5]到2020年的估計表明，委內瑞拉的移民和難民人數已超過600萬。[27]這時敘利亞內戰難民數也是600萬人，敘利亞內戰發生時間早於委內瑞拉危機數年，而且被認為是當時世界上最嚴重的人道災難。[27][28]
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Olivares, Francisco. Best and brightest for export. El Universal. September 13, 2014 [September 24, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-09-16）.
The Bolivarian diaspora is a reversal of fortune on a massive scale
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hugo Chavez is Scaring Away Talent. Newsweek. June 30, 2009 [September 24, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-10）.
The Bolivarian diaspora is a reversal of fortune on a massive scale
- ^ Ten percent of Venezuelans are taking steps for emigrating. El Universal. August 16, 2014 [April 26, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）.
- ^ Situation Response for Venezuelans. r4v.info. [2020-04-17]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-10）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Wyss, Jim. A nation is vanishing: Has Venezuela lost almost 20 percent of its population?. The Miami Herald. August 13, 2019 [August 15, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-07）.
- ^ Number of refugees and migrants from Venezuela reaches 3 million. UNHCR. UNHCR, IOM. November 8, 2018 [November 13, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-01）.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Gracias a las malas políticas del Gobierno bolivariano, más de 4 millones de venezolanos se han ido del país (encuesta). La Patilla. January 19, 2018 [January 20, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-12） （歐洲西班牙語）.
- ^ · Board, Editorial. Latin-America's worst-ever refugee crisis: Venezuelans. The Washington Post. February 23, 2018 [February 25, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-13）.
This human outflow, ... is the largest displacement of people in Latin American history
- Hylton, Wil S. Leopoldo López Speaks Out, and Venezuela's Government Cracks Down. The New York Times. March 9, 2018 [March 12, 2018]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-12）.
Venezuela is the most urgent humanitarian disaster in the Western Hemisphere, producing the largest exodus of refugees in the history of the Americas
- Venezuela's mounting refugee crisis. Financial Times. April 20, 2018 [April 22, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-12）.
- Venezuela's exodus: Forced to flee. Al Jazeera. September 15, 2018 [September 15, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-22）.
Latin America is facing the largest refugee crisis in its history as hundreds of thousands of people flee Venezuela to escape severe economic hardship.
- Kurmanaev, Anatoly. Venezuela's Collapse Is the Worst Outside of War in Decades, Economists Say. The New York Times. May 17, 2019 [May 18, 2019]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-14） （美國英語）.
Venezuela has lost a tenth of its population in the past two years as people fled, even trekking across mountains, setting off Latin America’s biggest ever refugee crisis.
- Hylton, Wil S. Leopoldo López Speaks Out, and Venezuela's Government Cracks Down. The New York Times. March 9, 2018 [March 12, 2018]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-12）.
- ^ · Maria Delgado, Antonio. Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros. El Nuevo Herald. August 28, 2014 [August 28, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-08-27）.
The massive emigration of Venezuelans, a trend that was unprecedented in the republican history of the nation, is mainly motivated by personal insecurity, legal insecurity and lack of options to progress under the Bolivarian regime
- Weddle, Cody. More desperate college grads flee Venezuela. WPLG. March 18, 2017 [October 15, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-12）.
some academics refer to the exodus in its totality as the Bolivarian diaspora
- Wyss, Jim. As Venezuela faces critical week, Colombia prepares for a wave of migrants. The Miami Herald. July 25, 2017 [October 15, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-04）.
And as conditions in Venezuela worsen, the 「Bolivarian Diaspora」 is likely to keep growing. One measure of the desperation:the number of Venezuelans seeking asylum abroad tripled from 2015 to 2016.
- Manner, Benedict. A family bereavement brings home Venezuela's crisis. Financial Times. September 5, 2017 [October 15, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-22）.
Like the rest of the 'Bolivarian diaspora' dotted around the globe, it has been impossible to escape the asphyxiating drama
- Weddle, Cody. More desperate college grads flee Venezuela. WPLG. March 18, 2017 [October 15, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-12）.
- ^ Cannon, Barry. Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution: Populism and Democracy in a Globalised Age. Manchester University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1847797193.
- ^ Canelón-Silva, Agrivalca Ramsenia. Del Estado Comunicador Al Estado De Los Medios. Catorce Años De Hegemonía Comunicacional En Venezuela.. Palabra Clave (University of La Sabana). 2014, 17 (4): 1243–78. doi:10.5294/pacla.2014.17.4.11.
- ^ Rory, Carroll. Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela. Penguin Books: New York. 2014: 182–94. ISBN 978-0143124887.
- ^ 남민우, 기. 화폐경제 무너졌는데…최저임금 인상에 목매는 베네수엘라. 朝鮮日報. May 2, 2018 [May 22, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-04） （韓語）.
Venezuela's fall is considered to be mainly caused by the populist policy ... Venezuela, for decades, has increased the number of public sector employees and has promoted populist support to maintain the regime
- ^ 'I can't go back': Venezuelans are fleeing their crisis-torn country en masse. Washington Post. [April 7, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-07）.
- ^ Welsh, Teresa. Venezuela crisis is 'on the scale of Syria,' UNHCR says. Devex. September 19, 2018 [September 21, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-17）.
- ^ LaFranchi, Howard. Why time is ripe for US to address Venezuela's mess. Christian Science Monitor. November 2, 2016 [November 4, 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-20）.
- ^ Maria Delgado, Antonio. Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros. El Nuevo Herald. August 28, 2014 [August 28, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-08-27）.
The massive emigration of Venezuelans, a trend that was unprecedented in the republican history of the nation, is mainly motivated by personal insecurity, legal insecurity and lack of options to progress under the Bolivarian regime
- ^ El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria. El Impulso. August 23, 2014 [August 28, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-17）.
- ^ Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro survives 2019 despite U.S. insistence he'd fall. Axios. [December 20, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-04） （英語）.
- ^ Pitts, Pietro D.; Rosati, Andrew. Venezuela's Oil Industry Exodus Slowing Crude Production: Energy. Bloomberg. December 4, 2014 [January 24, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-25）.
- ^ Lee, Brianna. Venezuela Elections 2015: Why Venezuelans Are Fleeing The Country. International Business Times. December 2, 2015 [December 30, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-09）.
- ^ Margolis, Mac. Latin America Has a Different Migration Problem. Bloomberg. September 14, 2016 [September 22, 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-12）.
- ^ Refugees and migrants from Venezuela top 4 million: UNHCR and IOM. UNHCR (UNHCR, IOM). June 7, 2019 [June 10, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-17）.
- ^ Forero, Juan; Protti, Tommaso. Venezuela's Misery Fuels Migration on Epic Scale. Wall Street Journal. February 13, 2018 [February 13, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-15）.
- ^ More than 5m set to flee Venezuela by end of this year. Financial Times. June 19, 2019 [June 19, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-07）.
- ^ Bahar, Dany; Barrios, Douglas. How many more migrants and refugees can we expect out of Venezuela?. Brookings. December 10, 2018 [September 22, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-07） （美國英語）.
- ^ 27.0 27.1 Fieser, Ezra; Moran, Nancy. Venezuela Exodus Is as Big as Syria's, Yet Got 1.5% of the Aid. Bloomberg. September 20, 2019 [September 22, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-20）.
- ^ Syrian refugees biggest humanitarian crisis. Middle East Star. August 28, 2014 [August 30, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-14）.