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委内瑞拉难民危机

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维基百科,自由的百科全书
委内瑞拉移民与难民危机
Venezuelan migration and refugee crisis
委内瑞拉危机的一部分
(由上至下,由左至右)
迈克蒂亚机场离开委内瑞拉的航空公司乘客;哥伦比亚国家警察英语National Police of Colombia带领委内瑞拉人进入哥伦比亚库库塔;难民在临时庇护所中寻求庇护
日期1999年–现在
(主要阶段始于 2015年)
地点委内瑞拉
别名玻利瓦尔流散
起因社会问题政治迫害犯罪经济衰退贪污贫穷审查制度失业恶性通货膨胀短缺营养不良侵犯人权及其他[1][2][3]
结果

委内瑞拉难民危机,也称为玻利瓦尔流散(英语:Bolivarian diaspora),是美洲最大的难民危机,[8]有数百万委内瑞拉人在乌戈·查韦斯尼古拉斯·马杜罗两位总统任内向外移民,肇因于玻利瓦尔革命[1][2][9]那是查韦斯和继任的马杜罗试图建立文化政治霸权[10][11][12]最终导致了玻利瓦尔委内瑞拉危机[13]这场难民危机已被拿来与古巴流亡潮英语Cuban exile叙利亚难民欧洲移民危机相提并论。[14][15]该国政府否认了任何难民危机,并声称联合国和其他国家正试图为干预委内瑞拉内政而辩护。

新闻周刊》将“玻利瓦尔流散”描述为“大规模逆转财富”,其中“逆转”与委内瑞拉在20世纪的高移民率相提并论。[2]最初,上流的委内瑞拉人和学者在查韦斯担任总统期间移居国外,但随着该国情况的恶化,中产阶级和下层阶级的委内瑞拉人也开始离开。[16]由于大量受过教育或有技术能力的移民,造成了国家人才外流[17][18]在对该国的反对派政治感到失望之后,反对马杜罗总统的委内瑞拉人也离开了该国,从而增加了马杜罗政府的支持率。[19]

在危机期间,经常有人问委内瑞拉人是否想离开自己的祖国,[20]并且在2015年12月的一项调查中,有30%以上的人说他们计划永久离开委内瑞拉。[21]根据Datincorp的资料,该百分比在次年9月几乎倍增,有57%的受访者想离开该国。[22]自从1999年革命开始以来,到了2019年中,委内瑞拉超过400万人移民,约占该国人口的13%。[23][7][24]联合国预测,到2019年底,委内瑞拉危机期间将有500万记录在册的移民,超过人口的15%。[25]布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)在2018年末进行的一项研究表明,到2019年底,移民人数将达到600万,约占委内瑞拉2017年人口的20%。[26]Consultares 21在2019年中进行的一项民意调查估计,多达600万委内瑞拉人在这个时间点上已经逃离了该国;[5]到2020年的估计表明,委内瑞拉的移民和难民人数已超过600万。[27]这时叙利亚内战难民数也是600万人,叙利亚内战发生时间早于委内瑞拉危机数年,而且被认为是当时世界上最严重的人道灾难。[27][28]

参考文献

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