钦迪龙属

钦迪龙属; 化石时期：三叠纪后期, 235–210 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目：	恐龙总目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
科：	†艾雷拉龙科 Herrerasauridae
属：	†钦迪龙属 Chindesaurus; Long & Murry, 1995
模式种
	布氏钦迪龙; Chindesaurus bryansmalli; Long & Murry, 1995
异名
	？盒龙 Caseosaurus ; Hunt et al., 1998;

钦迪龙属（属名：Chindesaurus，意为“恶魔蜥蜴”）又名庆迪龙、魔鬼龙，是蜥臀目恐龙的一属，生活于约2亿2500万年前的三叠纪晚期。它约有2.4公尺长，于1995年被正式命名^[1]。

发现历史

在1985年，Bryan Small在美国亚利桑那州的石化林国家公园发现钦迪龙的化石，这个化石是一个部分骨骼，包含一些骨骼碎片，与苏牟龙的化石混合在一起^[1]。这个地层属于钦迪组（Chinle Formation），地质年代属于三叠纪晚期的诺利阶，约2亿1600万年前^[2]。在1995年，这些化石被正式叙述、命名。模式种是C. bryansmalli。属名是以其发现地附近的钦迪角而来，其名字在诺瓦霍语中的意思是“鬼”或“恶灵”；种名是为纪念化石发现者Bryan Small^[3]。

叙述

到目前为止，已发现5个钦迪龙的不完整标本；如果盒龙跟钦迪龙是同种动物，则有6个标本。正模标本是最完整的标本，包含数节肋骨、脊椎碎片、两节完整臀部脊椎、一节完整尾椎、骨盆与后肢骨头碎片。除此之外，还发现一颗牙齿^[4]。其他标本较不完整，由零碎的臀部、大腿、脊椎骨头化石组成。

根据正模标本与副模标本，钦迪龙的身长估计约2.4公尺。

分类

钦迪龙的分类历史非常复杂，过去曾被多次归类到蜥臀目的不同分类位置。当化石最初发现时，被认为是属于原蜥脚下目^[5]。在1995年被命名时，钦迪龙被认为是属于艾雷拉龙科，之后大部分研究引用这个分类^[4]^[6]。但近年种系发生学研究认为钦迪龙不是艾雷拉龙科^[7]^[8]，可能是基础兽脚亚目恐龙^[9]、或是基础型蜥臀目恐龙。钦迪龙同时有多种蜥臀目演化支的特征，因此难以确定其分类位置^[10]。

在德州的特髅组（Tecovas Formation）发现的一个化石，被1998年被命名为盒龙（Chindesaurus）^[11]。几年后，盒龙被归类于钦迪龙的异名^[12]。在2007年的三叠纪北美洲恐龙研究，认为钦迪龙、盒龙有许多相同特征，其他属没有这种特征。研究人员认为，这两属的差异可能来自于体型大小差异。但是，这两属的化石过于零碎，因此他们无法确定这两属是同种动物^[13]。

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Long, R. A., and P. A. Murry. Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern United States. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 1995, 4: 1–254.
^ Litwin, R.J., Traverse, A., and Ash, S.R., 1991. Preliminary palynological zonation of the Chinle Formation, southwestern U.S.A., and its correlation to the Newark Supergroup (eastern U.S.A.). Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, v. 77, p. 269-287.
^ Parker, W. G., R. B. Irmis, and S. J. Nesbitt. 2006. Review of the Late Triassic dinosaur record from Petrified Forest National Park （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Pages 160-161 in Parker, W. G., S. R. Ash, and R. B. Irmis, editors. A century of research at Petrified Forest National Park: geology and paleontology. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona. Bulletin 62.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Long and Murry, (1995). "Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the Southwestern United States." New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 4: 1-254.
^ Meyer, (1986). "D-Day on the Painted Desert." Arizona Highways, 62(7): 3-13.
^ Hunt, A. P., Lucas, S. G., Heckert, A. B., Sullivan, R. M., and M. G. Lockley. Late Triassic dinosaurs from the western United States. Geobios. 1998, 31: 511–531.
^ Bittencourt and Kellner, (2004). "The phylogenetic position of Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert, 1970 from the Triassic of Brazil." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(3):.
^ Irmis, Nesbitt, Padian, Smith, Turner, Woody and Downs, (2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs." Science, 317: 358-361.
^ William G. Parker, Randall B. Irmis, and Sterling J. Nesbitt. Review of the Late Triassic Dinosaur Record from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. A Century of Research at Petrified Forest National Park: Geology and Paleontology. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin. 2006, 62: 160–161.
^ Irmis, R.B., Nesbitt, S.J., Padian, K., Smith, N.D., Turner, A.H., Woody, D.T., and Downs, A. (2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Science 317: 358-361
^ Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Sullivan and Lockley, (1998). "Late Triassic Dinosaurs from the Western United States." Geobios, 31(4): 511-531.
^ Langer, (2004). "Basal Saurischia." In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska (eds.). The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 861 pp.
^ Nesbitt, Irmis and Parker, (2007). "A critical re-evaluation of the Late Triassic dinosaur taxa of North America." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 5(2): 209–243.

外部链接

钦迪龙（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[long1995-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Long, R. A., and P. A. Murry. Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern United States. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 1995, 4: 1–254.

[2] Litwin, R.J., Traverse, A., and Ash, S.R., 1991. Preliminary palynological zonation of the Chinle Formation, southwestern U.S.A., and its correlation to the Newark Supergroup (eastern U.S.A.). Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, v. 77, p. 269-287.

[3] Parker, W. G., R. B. Irmis, and S. J. Nesbitt. 2006. Review of the Late Triassic dinosaur record from Petrified Forest National Park （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Pages 160-161 in Parker, W. G., S. R. Ash, and R. B. Irmis, editors. A century of research at Petrified Forest National Park: geology and paleontology. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona. Bulletin 62.

[longmurry1995-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Long and Murry, (1995). "Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the Southwestern United States." New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 4: 1-254.

[5] Meyer, (1986). "D-Day on the Painted Desert." Arizona Highways, 62(7): 3-13.

[hunt1998-6] Hunt, A. P., Lucas, S. G., Heckert, A. B., Sullivan, R. M., and M. G. Lockley. Late Triassic dinosaurs from the western United States. Geobios. 1998, 31: 511–531.

[7] Bittencourt and Kellner, (2004). "The phylogenetic position of Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert, 1970 from the Triassic of Brazil." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(3):.

[8] Irmis, Nesbitt, Padian, Smith, Turner, Woody and Downs, (2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs." Science, 317: 358-361.

[william2006-9] William G. Parker, Randall B. Irmis, and Sterling J. Nesbitt. Review of the Late Triassic Dinosaur Record from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. A Century of Research at Petrified Forest National Park: Geology and Paleontology. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin. 2006, 62: 160–161.

[nesbitt-10] Irmis, R.B., Nesbitt, S.J., Padian, K., Smith, N.D., Turner, A.H., Woody, D.T., and Downs, A. (2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Science 317: 358-361

[11] Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Sullivan and Lockley, (1998). "Late Triassic Dinosaurs from the Western United States." Geobios, 31(4): 511-531.

[12] Langer, (2004). "Basal Saurischia." In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska (eds.). The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 861 pp.

[13] Nesbitt, Irmis and Parker, (2007). "A critical re-evaluation of the Late Triassic dinosaur taxa of North America." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 5(2): 209–243.

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