极右翼
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极右派(英语:Far-right politics),又称极右翼,是指其政治立场位于政治光谱最右端的人士或组织。“极右”也常被许多政治评论家用来描述一些难以归入传统右派的政治团体、运动和政党。[1]促进和持有极端保守主义、极端民族主义和威权主义的立场或言论的运动或政党也被描述为极右翼。 [2]
一些学者使用“极端右派”(Extreme Right)或“偏激右派”(Ultra Right)来讨论位于传统选举政治范围以外的右派政治团体,通常有革命右派份子、好战的种族至上主义者和宗教极端主义者、新法西斯主义者、新纳粹主义者和三K党员等。在这种用法中,该名词与不好战的极右派或右派民粹主义者等其他形式的极右派有所区别。[1][3]
倾向改革的右派运动或保守派政党中的右翼派系,他们常被称为“不同政见的右派”(Dissident Right)、“行动主义右派”(Activist Right)或“右翼民粹主义”(Right-wing Populism)。他们的立场介于传统保守派和极端右派之间。这些人士位于主流选举政治之外,但他们一般是发起改革运动,而非革命。一些被认为的“极右派”的政党则是因为与原主流中间偏右保守主义政党意见不合,认为他们的政策和理念已偏离原来的右派路线,如英国独立党。
新法西斯主义者与新纳粹主义者时常被视为“极右派”或“偏激右派”。这些团体通常具有反革命性质。新法西斯和新纳粹也意指他们来自二战之后的时代。
由于这些分类尚未普遍被接受,以及还有其他的用法存在,因此让“极右派”的用法较为复杂。
用法
19世纪末期,法国政治光谱可分为极左派(社会主义激进派)、左派(社会主义者与进步主义者)、中间偏左(自由派共和党人)、中间派(温和派、保守派共和党人) 、中间偏右(君主立宪支持者、奥尔良派、保守派共和党人、波拿巴主义者)、右派(保守主义者)和极右派(保守主义激进派、极端民族主义者、保皇派和正统派)。
不同学者在“极右派”的使用上有著冲突的用法。[3] 历史上,极右翼被用来描述法西斯主义和纳粹主义的意识形态,今天的极右翼政治包括新法西斯主义、新纳粹主义、第三位置、另类右翼、种族至上主义,以及其他意识形态或组织,这些意识形态或组织具有极端民族主义、沙文主义、仇外主义、神权主义、种族主义、恐同主义、恐跨性别者,或者其他反动观点。 [4]
荷兰已故极右派政治家皮姆·富图恩,因他的反移民和反穆斯林政策而被英国广播公司称为极右派。[5]全国公共广播电台等曾使用“极右派”来描述一些宣扬自由市场资本主义的威权独裁政府,像是智利的奥古斯托·皮诺切特。[6][7]
左派刊物《新左派评论》曾称雷根的政策是“激进右派”(Radical Right)。[8]“激进右派”也被用来表示“视个人为核心的自由意志主义运动”。[9]
美国国土安全部将右派极端主义定义为目标放在激进、种族或宗教少数份子的仇恨团体,而且仇恨团体可能致力于某项单一议题,如反堕胎、反犹太主义、反共主义、反同性恋和反移民等等。[10]
一些左翼人士及政治人物会以极右派来称呼一些强硬和保守的右翼政治人物,这些政治人物会涉及种族歧视、性别歧视及恐同的言论。现时许多人所认为的“极右派”政党实际上是右派民粹主义政党,虽然这些右翼政党抱持著民族主义,加上在社会政策上属于右翼保守派如反对堕胎,但亦支持保障社会福利及政府干预市场经济、集体主义或民族社会主义的经济政策,欧洲的右派民粹政党便一直主张强调保护本国工人权益,反对引入外国移民进入劳动市场,近年欧洲移民危机,欧洲的右派民粹政党便主张反对来自伊斯兰教国家为主的移民及难民进入欧洲,作为主要政纲。
各地组织
亚洲
巴勒斯坦
印度
蒙古国
以色列
缅甸
中华民国
日本(参见日本右翼团体)
哈萨克斯坦
大韩民国
黎巴嫩
马来西亚
巴基斯坦
塔利班(包括阿富汗主体与巴基斯坦分支)
叙利亚
塔吉克斯坦
土耳其
土库曼斯坦
伊朗
香港
泰国
欧洲
欧洲联盟
乌克兰
- 右区
- 全乌克兰联盟“自由”
- 乌克兰语全国联盟
- 乌克兰国民议会-乌克兰人民自卫队
- 亚速营(被指控,官方自称无政治立场)
- 俄罗斯志愿军团
奥地利
俄罗斯
德涅斯特河沿岸
比利时
保加利亚
克罗地亚
丹麦
法国
德国
希腊
匈牙利
拉脱维亚
芬兰
爱沙尼亚
卢森堡
马尔他
荷兰
葡萄牙
波兰
罗马尼亚
塞尔维亚
斯洛维尼亚
西班牙
挪威
瑞典
瑞士
英国
斯洛伐克
义大利
塞族共和国
非洲
大洋洲
北美洲
南美洲
原各地组织
亚洲
欧洲
非洲
大洋洲
北美洲
南美洲
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参考书目
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参见
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