使用者:TwinkieCat/第一次世界大戰
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第一次世界大戰 | |||||||
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![]() 點擊圖片連結至戰鬥 由左至右,由上至下為: 第一次馬恩河戰役的德軍步兵衝鋒、凡爾登戰役的法軍衝出戰壕、索姆河戰役的Mark I 坦克、拉馬爾邁松戰役被法軍俘虜的德軍戰俘、第二次馬恩河戰役的法軍機槍部隊、百日攻勢中的法國雷諾FT-17坦克 | |||||||
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參戰方 | |||||||
協約國: | 同盟國: | ||||||
指揮官與領導者 | |||||||
協約國指揮官 ![]() |
同盟國指揮官 ![]() | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
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傷亡與損失 | |||||||
士兵陣亡: 5,525,000 士兵受傷: 12,831,500 士兵失蹤: 4,121,000 總計: 22,477,500人陣亡、受傷或失蹤 (詳情) |
士兵陣亡 4,386,000 士兵受傷: 8,388,000 士兵失蹤: 3,629,000 總計: 16,403,000人陣亡、受傷或失蹤 (詳情) |
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第一次世界大戰(簡稱一戰、一次大戰,或稱歐戰;英語:World War I;法語:Première guerre mondiale;德語:Erster Weltkrieg;俄語:Первая война)是一場於1914年7月28日至1918年11月11日以歐洲為主戰場的大型戰爭,其包括許多國家,像美國,俄羅斯等,因為地區分部廣泛,所以被稱為世界大戰。當中主要分為兩個勢力,分別是同盟國和協約國,兩個意識型態的分歧,也是這一次世界大戰的導火線之一。
在第一次世界大戰中,同盟國的主要成員為德意志帝國 、奧匈帝國 、鄂圖曼帝國及保加利亞,而協約國則為法國、英國、俄羅斯、義大利、比利時、塞爾維亞、美國、希臘,與後者第二次世界大戰的分部稍有不同。
1914年,當時的歐洲大國法國、俄羅斯、英國組成了協約國。現時大部份認為第一次世界大戰的開始原於發生在1914年6月28日的塞拉耶佛事件,在該事件中,奧匈帝國皇儲費迪南及其妻子索菲亞被塞爾維亞激進青年普林西普刺殺身亡。因此,奧匈帝國於同年7月28日向塞爾維亞宣戰,俄羅斯也開始幫助塞爾維亞對抗奧匈。8月4日,兩者的聯盟引起了德國,法國,英國和他們的殖民地的注意,但義大利在此時仍保持中立。1914年11月,鄂圖曼帝國、德國和奧匈帝國組成了同盟國,義大利也於1915年加入協約國的陣營。
面對兩條戰線的戰爭,德國在1914年的戰略是在六周內集中力量擊敗法國,然後將他們轉移到東線,並打算對俄羅斯採取同樣的計劃[13]。然而,德國在法國的進攻未能實現這一目標,到1914年底,雙方沿著西線對峙,從英吉利海峽延伸到瑞士的一系列戰壕線幾乎沒有變化,直到1917年。相比之下,東線要不穩定得多,奧匈帝國和俄羅斯獲得了優勢,然後失去了大片領土。其他包括中東戰區、義大利戰線和巴爾幹半島,將保加利亞、羅馬尼亞和希臘在內的重要戰略地點捲入戰爭。
窘境中的德國軍方想要徹底打擊英法兩國海外殖民地與母國之間的聯絡與毀滅兩國經濟,最終將局勢推向有利自己的勝利,如此的戰略思想使得德軍於1917年發起無限制潛艇戰,加之齊默曼電報事件,在被英國截獲的電報中,德國政府同美國以南的墨西哥秘密談論對美開戰條件,一經曝光,迅速激起美國國內的憤怒情緒,最終導致了原本是中立國的美國於1917年4月6日參戰。而俄羅斯則於1917年二月革命中推翻延祚300餘年的羅曼諾夫王朝,其後以克倫斯基為主導的政府仍然主張繼續同德國作戰,履行協約國義務,激起廣泛民憤,最終於同年十月革命中被推翻。1918年3月3日,得勢的蘇維埃政權在列寧的授意下簽訂了布列斯特和約,俄國退出戰爭。俄國的投降使得原先東線的士兵可以調派至西方戰線。補充了大量部隊後,德國總參謀部希望能夠徹底擊敗法國和其盟國,發起了春季攻勢。儘管在初期取得了成功,但德軍於第四次香檳戰役中失敗,攻勢停止。該年8月,法國元帥費迪南·福煦發起百日攻勢,徹底擊敗德國。[14]。
背景
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政治及軍事聯盟
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19世紀初,歐洲大國之間的權力一直處於較為平均和脆弱的狀態,這段時間也被稱為歐洲協調時期[15]。1848年後,這受到各種因素的挑戰,包括英國取消所謂的光榮孤立,鄂圖曼帝國的衰落和奧托·馮·俾斯麥統治下的普魯士崛起。1866年普奧戰爭確立了普魯士在德國的霸權,而1870-1871年普法戰爭的勝利使俾斯麥將德意志國家鞏固為普魯士領導下的德意志帝國。為1871年的失敗或復讎主義報仇,收復亞爾薩斯-洛林成為法國未來四十年政策的主要目標[16]。
為了孤立法國,避免兩條戰線的戰爭,俾斯麥在奧匈帝國、俄羅斯和德國之間談判了三帝同盟。俄國在1877-1878年俄土戰爭中獲勝後,由於奧地利擔心俄羅斯在巴爾幹地區的影響力,國聯解散,他們認為該地區具有重要的戰略利益。德國和奧匈帝國隨後組成了1879年的二國同盟,當義大利於1882年加入時,該同盟成為三國同盟[17]。對於俾斯麥來說,這些協定的目的是通過確保三個帝國解決它們之間的任何爭端來孤立法國;當1880年受到英國和法國試圖直接與俄羅斯談判的威脅時,他於1881年改革了同盟,並於1883年和1885年更新。1887年協定失效後,他用再保險條約取而代之,這是德國和俄羅斯之間的秘密協定,如果任何一方受到法國或奧匈帝國的攻擊,他將保持中立[18]。
1914年7月30日,當奧匈帝國在其俄羅斯邊境以動員令進行常規轉發時,俄羅斯下令進行全面動員。自7月28日以來,德國無視英國早些時候的警告暗示,仍然希望奧匈帝國對塞爾維亞的戰爭可以「本地化」到巴爾幹半島,就東歐而言,德國現在幻想破滅了。7月31日,德國發出了24小時最後通牒,要求俄羅斯停止動員,並發出18小時最後通牒,要求法國承諾在俄羅斯和德國發生戰爭時保持中立[19]。
不出所料,俄羅斯和法國都忽視了這些要求。8月1日,德國下令進行全面動員,並向俄羅斯宣戰,法國也下令全面動員。第二天,德國向盧森堡派遣軍隊,並要求德國軍隊從比利時自由通過其中立領土。8月3日,德國向法國宣戰。8月3日至4日晚上,德國軍隊入侵比利時。於是,英國不關心塞爾維亞,也沒有明確義務為俄羅斯或法國而戰,但明確承諾保衛比利時,於8月4日向德國宣戰[19]。
奧匈帝國於8月5日對俄羅斯宣戰;塞爾維亞於8月6日對德國宣戰;蒙特內哥羅於8月7日對奧匈帝國宣戰,8月12日對德國宣戰;法國和英國分別於8月10日和8月12日對奧匈帝國宣戰;日本於8月23日對德國宣戰;奧匈帝國於8月25日對日本宣戰,8月28日對比利時宣戰[19]。
參考文獻
- ^ 引用錯誤:頁面正文含有沒有分組的
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標籤 - ^ 引用錯誤:頁面正文含有沒有分組的
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標籤 - ^ 引用錯誤:頁面正文含有沒有分組的
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標籤 - ^ 引用錯誤:頁面正文含有沒有分組的
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標籤 - ^ 引用錯誤:頁面正文含有沒有分組的
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標籤 - ^ 引用錯誤:頁面正文含有沒有分組的
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標籤 - ^ 引用錯誤:頁面正文含有沒有分組的
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標籤 - ^ 引用錯誤:頁面正文含有沒有分組的
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標籤 - ^ 引用錯誤:頁面正文含有沒有分組的
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標籤 - ^ Zuber 2011,第46–49頁.
- ^ Sheffield 2002,第251頁.
- ^ Clark 2013,第121–152頁.
- ^ Zeldin 1977,第117頁.
- ^ Keegan 1998,第52頁.
- ^ Medlicott 1945,第66–70頁.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Britannica WWI.
引用
- ^ 美國未批准巴黎和會的任何條約。
- ^ 保加利亞於1915年10月14日加入同盟國。
- ^ 美國於1917年12月7日對奧匈帝國宣戰。
- ^ 奧地利被認為是奧匈帝國的繼承國之一。
- ^ 美國於1917年4月6日對德國宣戰。
- ^ 匈牙利被認為是奧匈帝國的繼承國之一。
- ^ 鄂圖曼帝國於1914年8月2日同德國達成秘密同盟協定,並於1914年10月29日作為同盟國一方參戰。
- ^ 原先計劃通過色佛爾條約結束協約國與鄂圖曼帝國戰事,但鄂圖曼帝國從未批准之。在土耳其獨立戰爭後,協約國同鄂圖曼帝國繼承國土耳其共和國就洛桑條約達成協議。
- ^ 包含法國本土和殖民地
- ^ 包含英國本土和殖民地;不包含印度和自治領
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