用户:TwinkieCat/第一次世界大战
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第一次世界大战 | |||||||
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![]() 点击图片连结至战斗 由左至右,由上至下为: 第一次马恩河战役的德军步兵冲锋、凡尔登战役的法军冲出战壕、索姆河战役的Mark I 坦克、拉马尔迈松战役被法军俘虏的德军战俘、第二次马恩河战役的法军机枪部队、百日攻势中的法国雷诺FT-17坦克 | |||||||
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参战方 | |||||||
协约国: | 同盟国: | ||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
协约国指挥官 ![]() |
同盟国指挥官 ![]() | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
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伤亡与损失 | |||||||
士兵阵亡: 5,525,000 士兵受伤: 12,831,500 士兵失踪: 4,121,000 总计: 22,477,500人阵亡、受伤或失踪 (详情) |
士兵阵亡 4,386,000 士兵受伤: 8,388,000 士兵失踪: 3,629,000 总计: 16,403,000人阵亡、受伤或失踪 (详情) |
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第一次世界大战(简称一战、一次大战,或称欧战;英语:World War I;法语:Première guerre mondiale;德语:Erster Weltkrieg;俄语:Первая война)是一场于1914年7月28日至1918年11月11日以欧洲为主战场的大型战争,其包括许多国家,像美国,俄罗斯等,因为地区分部广泛,所以被称为世界大战。当中主要分为两个势力,分别是同盟国和协约国,两个意识型态的分歧,也是这一次世界大战的导火线之一。
在第一次世界大战中,同盟国的主要成员为德意志帝国 、奥匈帝国 、奥斯曼帝国及保加利亚,而协约国则为法国、英国、俄罗斯、意大利、比利时、塞尔维亚、美国、希腊,与后者第二次世界大战的分部稍有不同。
1914年,当时的欧洲大国法国、俄罗斯、英国组成了协约国。现时大部份认为第一次世界大战的开始原于发生在1914年6月28日的萨拉热窝事件,在该事件中,奥匈帝国皇储斐迪南及其妻子索菲亚被塞尔维亚激进青年普林西普刺杀身亡。因此,奥匈帝国于同年7月28日向塞尔维亚宣战,俄罗斯也开始帮助塞尔维亚对抗奥匈。8月4日,两者的联盟引起了德国,法国,英国和他们的殖民地的注意,但意大利在此时仍保持中立。1914年11月,奥斯曼帝国、德国和奥匈帝国组成了同盟国,意大利也于1915年加入协约国的阵营。
面对两条战线的战争,德国在1914年的战略是在六周内集中力量击败法国,然后将他们转移到东线,并打算对俄罗斯采取同样的计划[13]。然而,德国在法国的进攻未能实现这一目标,到1914年底,双方沿着西线对峙,从英吉利海峡延伸到瑞士的一系列战壕线几乎没有变化,直到1917年。相比之下,东线要不稳定得多,奥匈帝国和俄罗斯获得了优势,然后失去了大片领土。其他包括中东战区、意大利战线和巴尔干半岛,将保加利亚、罗马尼亚和希腊在内的重要战略地点卷入战争。
窘境中的德国军方想要彻底打击英法两国海外殖民地与母国之间的联络与毁灭两国经济,最终将局势推向有利自己的胜利,如此的战略思想使得德军于1917年发起无限制潜艇战,加之齐默曼电报事件,在被英国截获的电报中,德国政府同美国以南的墨西哥秘密谈论对美开战条件,一经曝光,迅速激起美国国内的愤怒情绪,最终导致了原本是中立国的美国于1917年4月6日参战。而俄罗斯则于1917年二月革命中推翻延祚300余年的罗曼诺夫王朝,其后以克伦斯基为主导的政府仍然主张继续同德国作战,履行协约国义务,激起广泛民愤,最终于同年十月革命中被推翻。1918年3月3日,得势的苏维埃政权在列宁的授意下签订了布列斯特和约,俄国退出战争。俄国的投降使得原先东线的士兵可以调派至西方战线。补充了大量部队后,德国总参谋部希望能够彻底击败法国和其盟国,发起了春季攻势。尽管在初期取得了成功,但德军于第四次香槟战役中失败,攻势停止。该年8月,法国元帅费迪南·福煦发起百日攻势,彻底击败德国。[14]。
背景
第一次世界大战的导火索 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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政治及军事联盟
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19世纪初,欧洲大国之间的权力一直处于较为平均和脆弱的状态,这段时间也被称为欧洲协调时期[15]。1848年后,这受到各种因素的挑战,包括英国取消所谓的光荣孤立,鄂图曼帝国的衰落和奥托·冯·俾斯麦统治下的普鲁士崛起。1866年普奥战争确立了普鲁士在德国的霸权,而1870-1871年普法战争的胜利使俾斯麦将德意志国家巩固为普鲁士领导下的德意志帝国。为1871年的失败或复仇主义报仇,收复亚尔萨斯-洛林成为法国未来四十年政策的主要目标[16]。
为了孤立法国,避免两条战线的战争,俾斯麦在奥匈帝国、俄罗斯和德国之间谈判了三帝同盟。俄国在1877-1878年俄土战争中获胜后,由于奥地利担心俄罗斯在巴尔干地区的影响力,国联解散,他们认为该地区具有重要的战略利益。德国和奥匈帝国随后组成了1879年的二国同盟,当义大利于1882年加入时,该同盟成为三国同盟[17]。对于俾斯麦来说,这些协定的目的是通过确保三个帝国解决它们之间的任何争端来孤立法国;当1880年受到英国和法国试图直接与俄罗斯谈判的威胁时,他于1881年改革了同盟,并于1883年和1885年更新。1887年协定失效后,他用再保险条约取而代之,这是德国和俄罗斯之间的秘密协定,如果任何一方受到法国或奥匈帝国的攻击,他将保持中立[18]。
1914年7月30日,当奥匈帝国在其俄罗斯边境以动员令进行常规转发时,俄罗斯下令进行全面动员。自7月28日以来,德国无视英国早些时候的警告暗示,仍然希望奥匈帝国对塞尔维亚的战争可以“本地化”到巴尔干半岛,就东欧而言,德国现在幻想破灭了。7月31日,德国发出了24小时最后通牒,要求俄罗斯停止动员,并发出18小时最后通牒,要求法国承诺在俄罗斯和德国发生战争时保持中立[19]。
不出所料,俄罗斯和法国都忽视了这些要求。8月1日,德国下令进行全面动员,并向俄罗斯宣战,法国也下令全面动员。第二天,德国向卢森堡派遣军队,并要求德国军队从比利时自由通过其中立领土。8月3日,德国向法国宣战。8月3日至4日晚上,德国军队入侵比利时。于是,英国不关心塞尔维亚,也没有明确义务为俄罗斯或法国而战,但明确承诺保卫比利时,于8月4日向德国宣战[19]。
奥匈帝国于8月5日对俄罗斯宣战;塞尔维亚于8月6日对德国宣战;黑山于8月7日对奥匈帝国宣战,8月12日对德国宣战;法国和英国分别于8月10日和8月12日对奥匈帝国宣战;日本于8月23日对德国宣战;奥匈帝国于8月25日对日本宣战,8月28日对比利时宣战[19]。
参考文献
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标签 - ^ Zuber 2011,第46–49页.
- ^ Sheffield 2002,第251页.
- ^ Clark 2013,第121–152页.
- ^ Zeldin 1977,第117页.
- ^ Keegan 1998,第52页.
- ^ Medlicott 1945,第66–70页.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Britannica WWI.
引用
- ^ 美国未批准巴黎和会的任何条约。
- ^ 保加利亚于1915年10月14日加入同盟国。
- ^ 美国于1917年12月7日对奥匈帝国宣战。
- ^ 奥地利被认为是奥匈帝国的继承国之一。
- ^ 美国于1917年4月6日对德国宣战。
- ^ 匈牙利被认为是奥匈帝国的继承国之一。
- ^ 奥斯曼帝国于1914年8月2日同德国达成秘密同盟协定,并于1914年10月29日作为同盟国一方参战。
- ^ 原先计划通过色佛尔条约结束协约国与奥斯曼帝国战事,但奥斯曼帝国从未批准之。在土耳其独立战争后,协约国同奥斯曼帝国继承国土耳其共和国就洛桑条约达成协议。
- ^ 包含法国本土和殖民地
- ^ 包含英国本土和殖民地;不包含印度和自治领
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