讨论:图示
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For other uses, see Icon (disambiguation). For a list of icons for use on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Icons.On computer displays, a computer icon is a small pictogram. Icons have been used to supplement the normal alphanumerics of the computer. Modern computers now can handle bitmapped graphics on the display terminal, so the icons are widely used to assist users.
A computer icon usually ranges from 16 by 16 pixels up to 128 by 128 pixels. Some upcoming OSs will feature icons up to 512 by 512 pixels. When the graphical output device has a smaller size, the icon size is small. Vision impaired users (due to such conditions as poor lighting, tired eyes, medical impairments, bright backgrounds, or color blindness) may need to utilize the self-selected icon size options.
Icons may represents a file, folder, application or device on a computer operating system. In modern usage today, the Icon can represent anything that the users want it to: any macro command or process, mood-signalling, or any other indicator. User friendliness also demands error-free operation, where the icons are distinct from each other, self explanatory, and easily visible under all possible user setups.
Icons were first developed as a tool for making computer interfaces easier for novices to grasp in the 1970s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center facility. Icon-driven interfaces were later popularized by the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating environments.
Icons may also be found on the desktop, toolbars and in the menus of computer application software such as Microsoft Word. Icons are made more use-friendly by being very clear from every other icon. Each Icon-set may also have unifying features that show that similar icons are related to each other. Icons show this by:
- Contrasting Sizes
- Dark-Light
- Square-grabbing (large or small area, top/ bottom, left/ right, centred/ perimeter)
- Pattern-contrast (Horizontal-striped, Vertical-striped, Slanted-stripes, Circles, Oblongs, ...)
- Light-On-Dark, or Dark-On-Light
- Framed/ Shadowed (or not)
- Color contrasts (red, orange, blue, green, etc)
- Fine-detail filled (with thin lined drawings), or NOT.
- Animated ... but use very carefully!
Virtually every major computer operating system has the ability to use an icon-based graphical user interface (GUI) to display information to end users.
Function or program icons
Most computer functions in a GUI are represented by a function icon. Placing the cursor on the icon, and clicking (or double-clicking) a mouse, trackball or other button usually starts the function or program.
The creation of a good function icon can be considered as an art form in itself, comparable to that practiced in the past in the domain of miniature painting by old masters such as Joseph Severn and Charles-Francois Daubigny.
The icon must be original, distinctive, and tiny and it must be useful on a wide variety of monitors set at different resolutions. This work is further complicated by the need to create several sets of function icons for several types of views in several types of operating systems, for any given program. For instance, the GUI guidelines in one operating system might specify the need to create sets of 16, 32, and 48 pixel icons for any program while the GUI guidelines in another system might specify sets of 16, 24, 48 and 96 pixel icons for any program.
Document icons
In certain views of folders or directories in a GUI all the documents or files are represented as icons, in addition to their file name and, in certain cases, other details. In most systems and for most files these icons are generic images, representing the program used to create the file, or the file type. In this case, the comments made in the previous paragraph concerning the icon as an art form also apply to file icons.
In the case of graphic files most modern systems replace the generic icon with a reduced image of the graphic. This reduced image usually fits into a 128 by 128 or a 117 by 117 pixel box, depending on the operating system used. It is available in a "thumbnail view" or within some other specialized viewing area on the screen.
The most recent systems and the most recent applications often generate such reduced images from other types of files in programs which have not been traditionally viewed as "graphics," such as word processor software, text files, or business presentation programs such as Agnubis, Impress, or PowerPoint.
Designing icons
In most situations, icons must be small so they do not intrude on an application's workspace. This results in a limited message space, reductions in recognition potential, and severe design constraints. It can often be extremely difficult to find sets of icons that are useful across many different cultures. Creating icons for every function can also prove problematic. In many modern computer-based applications, system functionality is extremely high. The use of many functions can mean the design of many icons. In addition, the communicativeness of icons can have major effects on both their learnability and their memorability. If an icon is highly communicative, then it is much more likely to be easy to learn. In addition, icons that are easy to learn will generally be highly memorable.
See also
- Avatar (virtual reality)
- Pictogram
- Favicon
- The Iconfactory
- Windows Icon Image
- Inflatable Icons
- Apple Icon Image
- Free Icon Collections
- Elements of graphical user interfaces
把IconMaster单独列出
条目中IconMaster似乎一个硬件设备。我在网上搜索一下，找到的更多是作为一个图标软换软件出现的。无论是哪种情况，都应该单独列出吧？
主控图标系统(IconMaster)
IconMaster把多层图标功能与高安全性的主控功能结合在一起，适用于从自动控制到手动控制的所有播出环节。重要的是IconMaster是目前唯一的SD/HD可切换播出切换台，从SD升级到HD时不需要任何的投资。当应用的需求改变时，IconMaster的模组化结构，可以最灵活地更改系统结构。它仅仅占用两个插槽，在3RU的NEO机箱中仍有10个插槽可供将来升级。 IconMaster以Leitch的NEO平台为基础，是唯一可以和其他高阶应用模组结合使用的主控图标系统。IconMaster迎合未来需要的设计，不仅可以使用户能够将IconLogo升级到IconMaster，而且还可以和IconStation紧密地结合使用，以得到超级的图文和动画效果。除此之外IconMaster还具有增强的控制、灵活性以及高阶键控等特点。
它的一些主要功能如下： 1.可嵌入图标的12组HD/SD输入主控台 2.全面的预览功能 3.灵活的16频道内建数位信号处理(HD） 4.2路独立的立体声音频输入 5.全功能的设备控制 6.内建的功能—4层图标引擎、静态或动态图标、指针或数字时钟、滚动字幕和紧急报警、音频片段(WAV）的重播 7.6个keyer—2个外置和4个内置 8.可控内部矩阵（NEO、NSM）和外部矩阵（Platinum、Integrator、Integration、Gold、Panaces或第三方的矩阵） 9.支援NUCLEUS控制面板
参考资料
外部链接似乎太多了
- 可能要节制一下。且缺少Icon档相关的技术文件的Url？晚上再来整理。-P1ayer (留言) 2010年3月5日 (五) 06:14 (UTC)
外部链接已修改
各位维基人：
我刚刚修改了图示中的1个外部链接，请大家仔细检查我的编辑。如果您有疑问，或者需要让机器人忽略某个链接甚至整个页面，请访问这个简单的FAQ获取更多信息。我进行了以下修改：
- 向 http://developer.apple.com/documentation/UserExperience/Conceptual/OSXHIGuidelines/index.html 中加入存档链接 https://web.archive.org/web/20041031063719/http://developer.apple.com/documentation/userexperience/conceptual/osxhiguidelines/index.html
有关机器人修正错误的详情请参阅FAQ。