夜行瓶颈
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夜行瓶颈假说(英文:Nocturnal Bottleneck Hypothesis)是演化生物学上首先由美国视光学家戈登·林恩·沃尔斯于1942年提出的一个假说,用于解释许多哺乳动物的特征行为。
夜行瓶颈假说认为,哺乳动物在由恐龙和翼龙称霸的中生代演化史上大多属于夜行性动物[1],依靠错位竞争躲避这些优势动物的捕食。虽然部分哺乳动物(主要是胎盘类和有袋类)在6600万年前的白垩纪﹣古近纪灭绝事件之后填补了非鸟恐龙和翼龙灭绝后空出的生态位并演化成了日行性动物,然而历时一亿六千万年的夜行生活在解剖学特征上留下了许多适合夜行性的演化特征,而许多的哺乳动物如今依然仍然为夜行性[2]。
哺乳动物的演化
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哺乳动物演化自犬齿兽亚目,一群外型似犬的合弓纲物种,崛起于二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件后。然而,同样崛起于三叠纪的主龙类,如恐龙和鳄鱼,导致了大型犬齿兽亚目物种的灭绝,仅剩下体型偏小的物种[3]。这些体型较小的犬齿兽亚目物种最终仅能去填补那些不用过于和日行性恐龙竞争的生态位,逐渐演化成以昆虫为食的夜行性动物[4]。纵使许多现存的演化支于中生代时就已经逐渐分化,然而这些早期的哺乳动物依然维持了小体型及夜行性。
白垩纪晚期的灭绝事件让哺乳动物得以去填补恐龙留下的生态位,然而在那之后的数百万年,哺乳动物依旧保持娇小的体型[5]。虽然现今的大型动物几乎均为哺乳动物,但大多哺乳动物直到现今依然保持夜行性[6]。
哺乳动物针对夜行性的适应
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有些哺乳动物的特征是针对于夜行性生活的适应,包括:
感官
生理学
- 特别的棕色脂肪组织,能快速产生体热[10]
- 线粒体进行呼吸作用的速率为同等或体型较小的爬虫类的5-7倍[11]
- 毛发能协助在寒冷环境或夜晚时维持体温调节
- 缺乏防范白天紫外线的机制[12]
- 胎盘动物缺乏需要可见光协助活化的光裂合酶,此种酶可于细菌、真菌甚至是大部分其他动物身上发现[13][14]
行为
参考文献
- ^ Gerkema MP, Davies WI, Foster RG, Menaker M, Hut RA. The nocturnal bottleneck and the evolution of activity patterns in mammals. Proc Biol Sci. 2013 Jul 3;280(1765):20130508. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0508
- ^ Sinn, J. New Study Shows Effects of Prehistoric Nocturnal Life on Mammalian Vision. University of Texas. [24 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-05).
- ^ Benton, Michael J. Vertebrate palaeontology 3rd. Oxford: Blackwell Science. 2004. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8.
- ^ Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Cifelli, Richard L.; Luo, Zhe-Xi. Mammals from the age of dinosaurs : origins, evolution, and structure. New York: Columbia University Press. 2004: 5. ISBN 978-0-231-11918-4.
- ^ Than, K. Rise of Modern Mammals Occurred Long After Dinosaur Demise. LiveScience. [24 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-09).
- ^ Gamberale-Stille, G.; Hall, K. S. S.; Tullberg, B. S. Signals of profitability? Food colour preferences in migrating juvenile blackcaps differ for fruits and insects. Evolutionary Ecology. 10 August 2006, 20 (5): 479–490. doi:10.1007/s10682-006-0015-y.
- ^ Grant, Robyn; Mitchinson, Ben; Prescott, Tony. Vibrissal behaviour and function. Scholarpedia. 2011, 6 (10): 6642 [October 29, 2011]. Bibcode:2011SchpJ...6.6642P. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.6642. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15).
- ^ Hall, M. I.; Kamilar, J. M.; Kirk, E. C. Eye shape and the nocturnal bottleneck of mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 24 October 2012, 279 (1749): 4962–4968. PMC 3497252
. PMID 23097513. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2258.
- ^ Davies, Wayne I. L.; Collin, Shaun P.; Hunt, David M. Molecular ecology and adaptation of visual photopigments in craniates. Molecular Ecology. July 2012, 21 (13): 3121–3158. PMID 22650357. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05617.x.
- ^ Cannon, B. Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance. Physiological Reviews. 1 January 2004, 84 (1): 277–359. PMID 14715917. doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003.
- ^ Brand, M. D.; Couture, P.; Else, P. L.; Withers, K. W.; Hulbert, A. J. Evolution of energy metabolism. Proton permeability of the inner membrane of liver mitochondria is greater in a mammal than in a reptile.. The Biochemical Journal. 1 April 1991, 275 (1): 81–6. PMC 1150016
. PMID 1850242. doi:10.1042/bj2750081.
- ^ Ringvold, Amund. Aqueous humour and ultraviolet radiation. Acta Ophthalmologica. 27 May 2009, 58 (1): 69–82. PMID 6773294. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1980.tb04567.x.
- ^ Lucas-Lledó JI, Lynch M. Evolution of mutation rates: phylogenomic analysis of the photolyase/cryptochrome family. Molecular Biology and Evolution. May 2009, 26 (5): 1143–53. PMC 2668831
. PMID 19228922. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp029.
- ^ Clues from a Somalian cavefish about modern mammals' dark past. Science Daily (Cell Press). October 11, 2018 [11 October 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-09).
- ^ Gerkema, M. P.; Davies, W. I. L.; Foster, R. G.; Menaker, M.; Hut, R. A. The nocturnal bottleneck and the evolution of activity patterns in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 3 July 2013, 280 (1765): 20130508. PMC 3712437
. PMID 23825205. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0508.
- ^ Menaker, M.; Moreira, L.F.; Tosini, G. Evolution of circadian organization in vertebrates. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. March 1997, 30 (3): 305–313. PMID 9246228. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X1997000300003.
- ^ Damiani, R.; Modesto, S.; Yates, A.; Neveling, J. Earliest evidence of cynodont burrowing. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 22 August 2003, 270 (1525): 1747–51. PMC 1691433
. PMID 12965004. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2427.