世俗国家
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世俗国家或地区 有国教的国家 不明确或不详 |
世俗国家(英语:Secular state)是指一些对于宗教事务持中立的国家,与之相对的是宗教国家。没有对任何一种个别的宗教习俗持赞成或反对的态度,也是没有类似国教的宗教。一个世俗国家也视信奉不同宗教的人为平等的个体,不会偏袒或歧视信奉个别宗教的人,保障宗教自由及言论自由。
定义
世俗国家理论上保障宗教自由,并实行政教分离,也指一些防止宗教组织干预和控制政府权力的国家,更有法令保护任何一种宗教,包括少数宗教免受歧视。
在某些世俗国家中,有在比例上相当多的人信奉同一种宗教(如土耳其);而某些则有很大的宗教多元性(如印度)。有些国家在建国时已自我定位为世俗国家、但仍相当多的人信奉一种宗教(如菲律宾),也有些是经过世俗化才成为世俗国家(如法国),还有不少在法律上实行政教分离、但保持国教(如马来西亚)。在近代历史上,世俗化的进程是给予人民宗教自由为开始、再后而废止国教、停止使用公帑资助宗教团体、使法律脱离宗教的控制、开放教育系统(而不强制任何宗教)、接受公民自由改宗信仰、以及是容许信奉不同宗教的人担任政治领袖的。此外,原有的宗教假日不受到影响,而公共机构运作也不会受到宗教团体的影响和控制。
在世界上,多数的政权已经成为世俗国家、包括不少的君主国与共和国。可是仍有不少自称世俗的政权仍然是不完全世俗化,不设国教的国家仍对部分宗教组织给予保障。以天主教为国教的国家为例,法国、西班牙、葡萄牙等国家机构曾经长时间以天主教节日为公众假期,会停止工作、上课,而天主教会学校的教师甚至是教堂的教理问答,仍往往是由公家支薪的。一些伊斯兰教徒为主的国家如土耳其虽然是世俗国家,但在教育上仍具有伊斯兰成分。
又例如越南共和国(南越),名义上是世俗国家,且人口多数是佛教徒,但因领导人吴廷琰笃信天主教,屡屡杀害比丘,导致释广德等多位法师自焚抗议,民众大规模的反政府运动不断,吴廷琰政权的残忍,也失去同样笃信天主教的美国总统肯尼迪支持,华府向驻越大使小亨利·卡波特·洛奇发了243号电报(Cable 243),决定不再支持吴廷琰,这推动了杨文明的1963年南越政变,也导致了吴廷琰之死。其中也包括缅甸联邦共和国,一个以佛教徒为主的国家,大力残害与种族灭绝信奉回教的罗兴亚人。
世俗国家列表
这是截至2011年,世俗国家的不完全列表:
宪法明载的世俗国家
阿尔巴尼亚 (宪法第7条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
安哥拉 (宪法第8条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
澳大利亚 (宪法第116项(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
阿塞拜疆 (宪法第7条 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
白俄罗斯 (宪法第16条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
贝宁 (宪法第2条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
巴西 (宪法第19条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
布基纳法索 (宪法第31条)
布隆迪 (宪法第1条)
喀麦隆 (宪法序言(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
加拿大 (加拿大权利与自由宪章)
佛得角 (宪法第48条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
乍得 (宪法第1条)
中华人民共和国 (宪法第36条 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
中华民国 (宪法第13条 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
刚果民主共和国 (宪法第1条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
刚果共和国 (宪法第1条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
克罗地亚 (宪法第41条 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
古巴 (宪法第8条)
塞浦路斯 (宪法第18条 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
北塞浦路斯 (宪法第1条)
韩国 (宪法第20条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
捷克 (基本权利及基本自由宪章)
爱沙尼亚 (宪法第40条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
埃塞俄比亚 (宪法第11条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
法国 (宪法第2条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
加蓬 (宪法第2条)
冈比亚 (宪法第1条)
俄罗斯 (宪法第14条)
格鲁吉亚 (宪法第9条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
几内亚 (宪法第1条)
几内亚比绍 (宪法第1条)
匈牙利 (宪法第60条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
印度 (宪法序言(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
日本 (宪法第20条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
哈萨克斯坦 (宪法第1条)
吉尔吉斯斯坦 (宪法第1条)
拉脱维亚 (宪法第99条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
利比里亚 (宪法第14条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
马达加斯加 (宪法第1条 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
马里 (宪法序言 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
墨西哥 (宪法第130条)
密克罗尼西亚联邦 (宪法第4项第2条(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
菲律宾 (宪法第2条)
美国(宪法第一修正案)
其他的世俗国家
智利
以色列
蒙古国
尼泊尔
新西兰
朝鲜民主主义人民共和国
波兰
葡萄牙
罗马尼亚
斯洛伐克
西班牙
斯洛文尼亚
南非
立陶宛
卢森堡
新加坡
瑞典
瑞士
塔吉克斯坦
东帝汶
土耳其
土库曼斯坦
乌拉圭
乌兹别克斯坦
越南
南苏丹
保加利亚
塞尔维亚
塞内加尔
库克群岛
巴勒斯坦国
黑山
叙利亚
比利时
奥地利
波黑
乌克兰
印度尼西亚
前世俗国家列表
孟加拉(1971-1976)
巴基斯坦(1947-1956)
伊朗(1925-1979)
阿富汗(1919-1996,阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国成立前)
埃及(1952-1970)
伊拉克(1932-1968,复兴党政权成立前)
萨摩亚(1962-2017)
各大洲自我描述的世俗国家列表
非洲
亚洲
欧洲
阿尔巴尼亚[44]
奥地利[45]
白俄罗斯[46]
比利时[47]
波黑[48]
保加利亚[49]
捷克[50]
爱沙尼亚[51]
法国[52]
德国
匈牙利[53]
爱尔兰[54]
意大利[55]
科索沃[56] 2
拉脱维亚[57]
荷兰
北马其顿
波兰
葡萄牙
塞尔维亚[58]
斯洛伐克[59]
斯洛文尼亚[60]
西班牙[61]
瑞典[62]
乌克兰
美洲
安提瓜和巴布达 [63]
阿根廷 [64]
巴哈马[65]
巴巴多斯 [66]
伯利兹 [67]
玻利维亚 [68]
巴西 [69]
加拿大 [70]
智利[71]
哥伦比亚[72]
古巴[73]
多米尼克 [74]
多米尼加[75]
厄瓜多尔[76]
萨尔瓦多[77]
格林纳达 [78]
危地马拉[79]
圭亚那[80]
海地[81]
洪都拉斯[82]
牙买加[83]
墨西哥[84]
尼加拉瓜[85]
巴拉圭 [86]
巴拿马[87]
秘鲁[88]
圣基茨和尼维斯[89]
圣卢西亚[90]
圣文森特和格林纳丁斯[91]
苏里南[92]
特立尼达和多巴哥[93]
美国[94]
乌拉圭[95]
委内瑞拉[96]
南美洲
具体介绍
大洋洲
具体介绍
澳大利亚
斐济
- 2013年斐济宪法第4条明确规定斐济是世俗国家。 它在说明“宗教信仰是个人的”和“ 教堂与国家的分离和国家的分离的同时,保证了宗教自由。”[121]
密克罗尼西亚联邦
- 密克罗尼西亚联邦宪法第IV条第2节规定:“不得通过任何有关宗教信仰建立或损害宗教自由行使的法律,除非可以向非宗教学校提供资助。 -宗教目的。”[122]
新西兰
注释
- ^ 尽管美国某些州保留的法律名义上会阻止无神论者任职(例如阿肯色州,马里兰州,密西西比州,田纳西州,南卡罗来纳州和德克萨斯州),但由于这些法律在美国最高法院被宣布违宪,因此这些法律不可执行 案件“ 托卡索诉沃特金斯案”,理由是他们违反了合众国宪法。
- ^ 美国参议院的确接受了任命的美国参议院牧师的祈祷。许多牧师以违反政教分离国家为由,进行了许多尝试来取消这一立场。美国效忠誓言包含“在上帝之下的一个国家”。 美国的官方座右铭是“ 我们信靠上帝”。
- ^ Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia provides, "the Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.[108] However, the states retain the power to pass religiously discriminatory laws.[109]
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
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- ^ Article 8 of the Cuban Constitution. [2007-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2007-04-21).
- ^ Honduras: Constitución de 1982. [18 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-01).
- ^ Honduras - THE CONSTITUTION. [20 October 2018]. (原始内容存档于2010-11-21).
- ^ Honduras's Constitution of 1982 with Amendments through 2013 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), constituteproject.org.
- ^ 美国和现今的利比亚之间的的黎波里条约第11条中有一条规定:“在任何意义上,美利坚合众国政府都不以基督教为基础。”
- ^ ICL - Australia Constitution. [18 March 2015].
- ^ Puls, Joshua. The Wall of Separation: Section 116, the First Amendment and Constitutional Religious Guarantees (PDF). Federal Law Review. 1998: 160.
- ^ Article 4 of the 2013 Constitution of Fiji explicitly provides that Fiji is a secular state. It guarantees religious liberty, while stating, "religious belief is personal", and, "religion and the State are separate." Constitution of the Republic of Fiji 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期6 February 2016., 2013
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kiribati. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Marshall Islands. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ Section 2 of Article IV of the Micronesian constitution provides, "no law may be passed respecting an establishment of religion or impairing the free exercise of religion, except that assistance may be provided to parochial schools for non-religious purposes." Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia.
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nauru. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: New Zealand. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Palau. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Papua New Guinea. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Solomon Islands. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vanuatu. United States Department of State. [4 March 2022].
- ^ ICL - Australia Constitution. [18 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-30).
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Fiji (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 2013
- ^ Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia. [2007-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-10).
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Armenia. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Azerbaijan. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cyprus. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Georgia. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kazakhstan. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ Northern Cyprus Constitution (PDF). [29 January 2022].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Russia. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
- ^ 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Turkey. United States Department of State. [9 March 2023].
参见
外部链接
- (英文) 世俗主义101 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- (英文) 对自由世俗国家的威胁与挑战,Ingemund Hägg著