福音主義

福音主義（英語：evangelicalism），源自希臘詞εὐαγγέλιον（euangelion），意為福音、好消息，是一個在不同的歷史時期有不同歷史內涵的神學主張。在宗教改革早期，新教人士將自己的教會稱為「福音教會」，以示自身尊重《聖經》、有別於天主教會^[1]^[2]，至今主流新教依然使用這一意涵下的「福音主義」一詞，例如德國的改革宗、信義宗聯合教會德國福音教會與許多稱為「福音路德教會」的信義宗教會就並非是現在常說的「福音派」教會。而現代更常說的「（新）福音主義」、「保守福音主義」（new evangelicalism/conservative evangelicalism），一般是指一個肇始於18世紀、成形於二戰後的神學運動，^[3]在近代往往同於信仰上的保守主義（與自由主義神學相對），一般擁有四大特點：強調個人歸信基督（或曰重生）；積極地表述和傳播福音；強調聖經的權威，堅信聖經無錯謬；強調與耶穌復活有關的基督教教義。^[4]

定義

福音神學中沒有新正統神學裏那般清晰的哲學上的知識論傳統，卻也同樣不接受自由主義神學所採納的那些不利於《聖經》信仰權威的新科學證據，因此同樣有反理性主義的傾向，但又不刻意發展神秘主義哲學以對抗理性主義。因此也可以說：福音派神學注重的是基督教在普羅大眾中的影響力，並不像新正統神學那樣強調與知識份子的對話。

其強調「神愛世人」、基督為世人的罪釘死在十字架上、基督的降生乃至復活便是上帝賜給人類的福音、基督升天前要求門徒將福音傳到地極....等新約《聖經》的經節。強調基督徒應熱心地傳福音，主張「聖經無誤論」、「逐字聖靈啟示說」，但也沒有一致的權威釋經文本，多是各自採用「以經解經」的方式，只要不與別處《聖經》抵觸的情形之下，允許信徒用個人的經歷來解釋各別《聖經》章節。

與基要神學

「基要神學」乃是稱呼福音神學中最為激烈跟保守的論點。基要神學與福音派神學兩個名詞若被賦予不同意義時，通常是強調基要神學家已經發展出了嚴謹的論述體系。福音神學較之則是更大範圍的一個通稱，只要符合其基本神學要求的主張都可以被歸作福音神學──通常，立論鬆懈甚至提不出論證而僅止於信仰的基要神學主張會被視為「溫和的福音神學」。

相左主張

加爾文主義 - 宗教改革時期的神學爭議。現在的加爾文宗教派改採修正後的新加爾文主義，原先的歧異現已消弭大半。
自由主義神學 - 內容又有：「歷程神學」、「進化論神學」、「概率有神論」與「現代主義神學」....等
新正統神學 - 內容又有：「詮釋學神學」、「辯証神學」、「存在主義神學」與「危機神學」....等
靈恩派 - 參閱該條

參考文獻

^ Livingstone, Elizabeth A. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3rd ed. rev. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005: 583. ISBN 0-19-280290-9.
^ Gerstner, John H. The Theological Boundaries of Evangelical Faith. David P. Wells (編). The Evangelicals. John D. Woodbridge. Nashville: Abingdon Press. 1975: 21–36. ISBN 0-687-12181-7. Despite the dominant usage of euangellismos in the New Testament, its derivative, evangelical, was not widely or controversially employed until the Reformation period. Then it came into prominence with Martin Luther precisely because he reasserted Paul's teaching on the euangellismos as the indispensable message of salvation. Its light, he argued, was hidden under a bushel of ecclesiastical authority, tradition, and liturgy. The essence of the saving message for Luther was justification by faith alone, the article by which not only the church stands or falls but each individual as well. Erasmus, Thomas More, and Johannes Eck denigrated those who accepted this view and referred to them as 'evangelicals.'
^ Bebbington, D. W. (2008). Evangelicals in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s, London: Unwin, 1.
^ Eskridge, Larry. Defining Evangelicalism. Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals. 1995 [2008-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-25）.

參見

[1] Livingstone, Elizabeth A. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3rd ed. rev. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005: 583. ISBN 0-19-280290-9.

[2] Gerstner, John H. The Theological Boundaries of Evangelical Faith. David P. Wells (編). The Evangelicals. John D. Woodbridge. Nashville: Abingdon Press. 1975: 21–36. ISBN 0-687-12181-7. Despite the dominant usage of euangellismos in the New Testament, its derivative, evangelical, was not widely or controversially employed until the Reformation period. Then it came into prominence with Martin Luther precisely because he reasserted Paul's teaching on the euangellismos as the indispensable message of salvation. Its light, he argued, was hidden under a bushel of ecclesiastical authority, tradition, and liturgy. The essence of the saving message for Luther was justification by faith alone, the article by which not only the church stands or falls but each individual as well. Erasmus, Thomas More, and Johannes Eck denigrated those who accepted this view and referred to them as 'evangelicals.'

[3] Bebbington, D. W. (2008). Evangelicals in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s, London: Unwin, 1.

[4] Eskridge, Larry. Defining Evangelicalism. Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals. 1995 [2008-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-25）.

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