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用戶:Robmarotiz/阿爾伯特·荷索

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維基百科，自由的百科全書
法學博士
阿爾伯特·荷索
Albert Hertzog
重組國民黨（英語：Herstigte Nasionale Party）領袖
任期
1969年10月25日—1977年5月28日
前任新職位
繼任亞普·馬雷（英語：Jaap Marais）
衛生部長
任期
1954年8月24日—1958年8月24日
總督歐內斯特·佐治·詹森（英語：Ernest George Jansen）
總理亨德里克·維沃爾德
前任米希爾·丹尼爾·基斯頓·德·韋特·內爾
繼任卡雷爾·德·韋特
通訊、電信和郵政部長
任期
1958年8月24日—1968年2月7日
總統查理斯·羅拔斯·斯瓦特（英語：Charles Robberts Swart）
湯·諾德（英語：Tom Naudé）（代理）
總督查理斯·羅拔斯·斯瓦特（英語：Charles Robberts Swart）
總理亨德里克·維沃爾德
巴爾薩澤·約翰尼斯·沃斯特
前任J·塞爾方丹
繼任M·C·C·揚瑟·范倫斯堡
個人資料
出生1899年7月4日
奧蘭治自由邦共和國布隆方丹
逝世1982年11月5日(1982歲—11—05)（83歲）
南非德蘭士瓦省普勒陀尼亞
政黨國民黨
1969年以前
重組國民黨（英語：Herstigte Nasionale Party）
1969年–1978年
配偶姬蒂（原姓懷特利）†
瑪蒂·維爾容（原姓迪費納赫）
居住地南非德蘭士瓦省普勒陀尼亞
母校斯泰倫博斯大學
文學士（優等）
阿姆斯特丹大學
牛津大學
法學士
萊頓大學
法學博士
專業大律師
內閣成員
政治人物

約翰尼斯·阿爾貝圖斯·蒙尼克·荷索，通常稱做阿爾伯特·荷索（阿非利卡語：Johannes Albertus Munnik Hertzog；南非語讀音：[ˈalbərt ˈɦærtsɔχ]；1899年7月4日生於布隆方丹-1982年11月5日逝於普勒陀尼亞），是一名阿非利卡政治人物、內閣成員和重組國民黨（英語：Herstigte Nasionale Party）的創始人。他是南非聯邦前總理巴里·荷索的兒子。

阿爾伯特·荷索曾任南非衛生部長（英語：Minister of Health (South Africa)）（1954年-1958年）和通訊部長（英語：Minister of Communications (South Africa)）（1958年-1968年）。擔任後一職位時，他實施了一項著名舉措：拒絕在南非推廣電視機。1969年，荷索因其反動排外的阿非利卡民族主義思想被開除出國民黨，於是自建反對亨德里克·維沃爾德的繼承人巴爾薩澤·約翰尼斯·沃斯特領導下的國民黨對其建黨原則的偏離的重組國民黨（英語：Herstigte Nasionale Party）。

世系

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
16. 約翰尼斯·馬托伊斯·荷索 (1737年–1812年)
a1b1[4]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. 迪爾克·威廉·荷索 (1789年–1850年)
a1b1c5[3]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17. 蘇珊娜·費爾韋 (1756年–1828年)
a1b3c3d2e2[5]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. 約翰尼斯·阿爾貝圖斯·蒙尼克·荷索 (1826年–1921年)
a1b1c5d4[2]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18. 約翰尼斯（揚）·阿爾貝圖斯·蒙尼克(1768年–1854年)
a1b1c3d3[7]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. 姫絲甸·蒙尼克 (1796年–1836年)
a1b1c3d3e4[6]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19. 薩拉·姫絲甸·德賴爾 (1768年–1850年)
a1b3c3[8]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. 占士·巴里·蒙尼克·荷索 (1866年–1942年)
a1b1c5d4e8[1]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20. 約翰尼斯·尼古拉斯·哈曼 (1762年–1839年)
a2b10[11]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10. 彼得·愛德華·哈曼 (1799年–1874年)
a2b10c6[10]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
21. 蘇珊娜·瑪麗亞·豪曼 (1780年–1852年)
a1b1c3[12]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. 蘇珊娜·瑪麗亞·雅各芭·哈曼 (1831年–1895年)
a2b10c6d4[9]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22. 基斯頓·戈布雷赫茨 (1761年-?)
a1b1c6[14]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11. 威廉明娜·戈布雷赫茨 (1804年–?)
a1b1c6d9[13]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23. 雅各米娜·亨德里娜·斯米特 (1766年-?)
b3c11d9[15]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. 約翰尼斯·阿爾貝圖斯·蒙尼克·荷索 (1899年–1982年)
a1b1c5d4e8f1[16]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24. 馬蒂納斯·勞倫丘斯·尼特林 (1773年–1855年)
a1b6[20]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12. 約翰尼斯（揚）·亨諾克·尼特林 (1800年–1871年)
a1b6c8[19]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25. 安娜·托比婭·德·維利爾斯 (1772年–1828年)
a1b5c2d4[21]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. 查理斯·馬雷·尼特林 (1827年–1916年)
a1b6c8d3[18]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26. 約翰尼斯（斯特凡努斯）·馬雷 (1763年–1801年)
a1b2c4d4[23]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13. 安納·瑪格麗塔·馬雷 (1800年–?)
a1b2c4d4e7f6[22]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27. 安娜·海倫娜·茹貝爾 (1763年–1793年)
a1b8c1d10[24]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. 威廉明娜·雅各芭·尼特林 (1863年–1942年)
a1b6c8d3e6[17]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28. 阿倫德·德·瓦爾 (1775年–1861年)
a1b2c7[27]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14. 彼得·德·瓦爾 (1798年–1870年)
a1b2c7d1[26]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29. 瑪麗亞·瑪格麗塔·博斯曼 (1777年–1866年)
a1b10c12[28]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. 威廉明娜·雅各芭·德·瓦爾 (1833年–1905年)
b2c7d1e2[25]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30. 丹尼爾·勞 (1780年–1861年)
a1b5c1d1e1f2[30]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15. 蘇珊娜·海特勒伊達·勞 (1808年–1890年)
a1b5c1d1e1f2g4[29]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31. 蘇珊娜·海特勒伊達·德·維利爾斯 (1786年–1861年)
a1b12c5d10[31]
 
 
 
 
 
 

早年人生

阿爾伯特·荷索於1899年7月4日出生在布隆方丹高達德路19號的家裏，他的父親即著名的布爾人將軍、後來的南非總理巴里·荷索，母親則叫做明妮（原姓尼特林）。他於1899年8月31日在聖母教堂（Moederkerk）受洗。[32]他還有兩個弟弟：查理斯·迪爾克·尼特林（生於1904年）和占士·巴里·蒙尼克（生於1905年）。[33]

荷索只有三個月大時，第二次布爾戰爭爆發了。他和母親起初留在布隆方丹的家裏，但在四個月後搬去了亞赫斯方丹（英語：Jagersfontein）的姑姑家。[34]亞赫斯方丹被英軍佔領後，姑姑家的房子被炸藥炸毀，一家人也被英軍用運牲口的卡車押運到伊利沙伯港的集中營。被關入集中營的除了阿爾伯特自己外，還有母親明妮、外婆和幾位姑姑、表親，一家人擠在一間八平方米的小屋裏。[35]阿爾伯特七歲的表親查理斯在抵達十二天後，就死於麻疹，而阿爾伯特也差點因此而死，被送到斯泰倫博斯的親戚那接受治療。之後，他一直住在斯泰倫博斯的外公（即查理斯·尼特林）家裏，直到戰爭結束。[36]基秦拿伯爵曾親自前往伊利沙伯港集中營探望明妮，告訴她如果叫她丈夫（即巴里·荷索）放下武器，就會被釋放。明妮嚴詞拒絕了基秦拿伯爵的條件，於是被送去了德班臭名昭著的梅里班克（英語：Merebank）集中營。[37]梅里班克集中營是死亡率最高的集中營之一，令明妮餘生體弱多病。

幼年時，阿爾伯特曾就讀於一所英語天主教幼兒園，在這裏，他第一次學習到英語。令人困惑的是，他的父親荷索將軍是一位信奉加爾文主義的布爾愛國者，堅決擁護南非語（特別是在教育上）的權利，而這樣的人竟然會讓兒子就讀於一所講英語、信奉天主教的幼兒園。[38]In 1910, after the birth of the Union of South Africa, General Hertzog was appointed in a dual portfolio as Minister of Justice and Minister of Native Affairs. The family therefore moved to Pretoria, and occupied a house west of the Union Buildings. His father sent Albert to the Arcadia Skool, but Albert was disappointed that it had a headmistress and, though in the city, was no different to a farm school. Although only eleven years old, he left on the afternoon of his first day, and enrolled at Pretoria Boys High School.[39] After the schism between General Hertzog and Prime Minister Louis Botha, which led to Hertzog's dismissal from the cabinet, the family moved back to Bloemfontein, where Albert attended Grey College. He matriculated in 1916, having studied Dutch, English, Latin, Mathematics, and Physical Science.[40]

Education

After finishing his secondary education, Hertzog enrolled at the University of Stellenbosch in 1917. On 1 April 1920, he was awarded a BA cum laude, having studied Dutch, Latin, English, Greek, Chemistry and Mathematics in 1917, Political Science, Psychology and Latin in 1918, and Ethics, Logic and Political Economy in 1919.[41] Hertzog then left for Europe on 6 August 1920, where he entered the University of Amsterdam.[42] Two years later, he enrolled at New College, Oxford, to further read Law.[43] After finishing his studies at Oxford, Hertzog went to the University of Leiden in 1928, where he obtained the LL.D. degree in 1929.[44] After leaving Oxford, he stayed with a Parisian family for a few weeks to improve his French.[45]

Political life

早年

荷索在1929年回到南非後，定居在了普勒陀尼亞，並在那裏開了一家大律師事務所。他當時還兼職着普勒陀尼亞大學講師。

Member of Parliament (1948–1958)

In the election of 1948, at which the National Party under leadership of Dr. Danie Malan came to power, Hertzog was elected member of parliament for Ermelo in the Eastern Transvaal. He served as member of the House of Assembly under the tenure of Prime Ministers Malan and Hannes Strijdom.

Cabinet Minister (1958–1968)

When Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd was elected Prime Minister in 1958, he appointed Hertzog as a cabinet minister with the dual portfolios of Post and Telecommunications and Health. He was sworn in on 23 October 1958.

Turmoil in the National Party

Dr. Albert Hertzog outside the hall where, moments before, on the evening of 4 October 1969, he had been kicked out of the National Party.

The terms verlig ("enlightened") and verkramp ("cramped") entered the Afrikaans (and later English) vernacular during the late 1960s. They were first used in a speech by prof. Willem de Klerk (son of Jan de Klerk and brother of future State President of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk) on 6 October 1966, exactly a month after the assassination of Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd.[46] In his speech, De Klerk distinguished between verligte, verkrampte, and positiewe ("positive") Afrikaners. That threefold division would soon be simplified in the colloquial language to a simpler dichotomy between simply verlig and verkramp. What De Klerk called "positive Afrikaners" would then refer to what generally became known as verligte Afrikaners.[47] He described positive Afrikaners (verligtes, thus) as "purpose conscious Afrikaners". "And purpose means to recognize the enduring and the changing. The closedness and the openness. The tradition and the progression... The purpose conscious Afrikaner recognizes and appreciates the tradition, and yet he is the man of today and with a vision on tomorrow, until eternity. The Afrikaner heritage is the Afrikaner-Christendom with the Calvinistic bedrock which recognizes the authority of the Bible as revelation and guide. But also he is open to further study of Scripture and he seeks the new roads to expand his religious heritage. At the same time the Afrikaner culture is young and virile, and is still busy to form itself on many levels, without having to cut ties with the past. The Book teaches clearly that exaggerated nationalism (idolatry of the People) as well as cosmopolitism contrast with the stipulations of God. Just as ungodly is the nationalized religion, which is the same as idolatry of the People."[48]

De Klerk labeled the verkrampte Afrikaner as follows: "His fundamental axiom is: adherence to the extant, to the old ideas and customs and content is the test for being Afrikaner. He wants to lead us to rigidity; wants to exclude us from a new world; is a negativist. Also, he is ruled by the need to criticize. He is creative in his ability to sow distrust; hardened in the handling of one-sided slogans to generate witch hunts everywhere; accomplished in the technique of quibbling. He is without consideration and mercy, unwilling to converse, fanatic and extremist to enforce his opinion on a matter. He wants to forcefully push our youth into one-sidedness; haughty, stubborn self-preservation."[49]

The verlig-verkramp-strife came to the fore after the assassination of Hendrik Verwoerd. Differences that had existed for a number of years began to manifest publicly, especially in the early days of new premier John Vorster's term.[50]

Leader of the Herstigte Nasionale Party (1969–1977)

Dr. Albert Hertzog, leader of the HNP, and his deputy Jaap Marais, after a press conference in 1969 where Marais disclosed lies by the ruling National Party.

...


Election results of the HNP in the National Assembly under dr. Albert Hertzog's leadership
Election year # of total votes % of overall vote # of seats won Rank
1970[51] 53 763 ▲ 3.57% ▲ 0 ━ 3/4 ▲
1974[52] 39 568▼ 3.6% ▲ 0 ━ 4/5 ▼

Retirement

Hertzog decided to retire as leader of the HNP in 1977, and gave his farewell address on 27 May of that year. He officially retired on 28 May 1977, and was followed by Jaap Marais as party leader. During his retirement, Hertzog could devote more time to his numerous business endeavors and his hobby of gardening. In a press interview in 1979 he opined as follows: 「In my view our political landscape is developing in the direction of a large, new conservative party which will consist of different people who are still currently trying to tread their own path. It can be a party consisting of the Treurnicht people in the NP, the Connie Mulder people, the HNP and definitely also conservative English speakers.」[53] This proved to be prophetic, as in 1982 a massive split occurred within the ruling National Party, and the Conservative Party came into being, with Andries Treurnicht as leader.

Death, funeral and legacy

Hertzog died on 5 November 1982 during an emergency operation for a burst aorta.[54] His funeral was held on 11 November 1982, in the NG Kerk in Waterkloof, and the service led by prof. Adriaan Pont. He was then laid to rest in the family cemetery on the farm Waterval, in the district of Witbank, next to his wife Katie, and close to his parents.[55]

Private life

Dr. Albert Hertzog and his wife, Katie, in the 1960s.

Hertzog met Katherine Marjorie Whiteley, a South African born English girl in Oxford in 1926. They became engaged in 1927 and were married on 22 July 1933 in NG Kerk in Irene. Under Hertzog's tutorage, Katie, as she was known, became fluent in Afrikaans, and spoke it without any trace of an accent. Katie died of heart failure on 25 February 1970. The marriage of 37 years did not produce any children. Hertzog met the widow Martha Maria ("Martie") Viljoen (born Duvenage) in 1973, and married her in October 1977. She survived him when he passed away in 1982.

Even into his seventies, Hertzog kept a strict exercise regimen. He used no alcohol, and while he entertained visitors to his office on coffee or tea, he himself only drank whey, which he carried in a flask.[56] Even among political opponents he was known for his polite manners and gentlemanly posture.[57] Hertzog's house in Waterkloof was referred to as "An Alladin's cave of historic memories" by the Pretoria News. Mentioned in the article were an antique coper canon, a Dutch Statenbijbel dating from 1748, a medicine cabinet dating from the era of Jan van Riebeeck, and oak dating from an 18th-century ship.[58] Hertzog collected, aloes, succulents and rare cycads, some of which were over a thousand years old.[59] He served as the Honorary President of the South African Aloe and Succulent Society for a number of years, until he resigned in 1972.[60]

Publications

Books

  • Die Calvinistiese toespraak van dr. A. Hertzog, L.V., Pretoria: Herstigte Nasionale Party, 1970 .
  • Waarheen Suid-Afrika?: Oproep tot die stryd, Pretoria: M.M. Hertzog, 1985, ISBN 0-620-07794-8 .

Further reading

  • Naudé, Louis. Dr. A. Hertzog, die Nasionale Party en die mynwerker. Pretoria: Nasionale Raad van Trustees. 1969. 
  • Serfontein, J.H.P. Die verkrampte aanslag. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. 1970. ISBN 9781868422456. 
  • Pretorius, Estelle. Dr. Albert Hertzog: ’n lewensbeskrywing. Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers. 2001. ISBN 0-9584118-5-9. 

References

  1. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 527. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  2. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 525. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  3. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 525. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  4. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 525. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  5. ^ Heese, J.A. Endemann, L.C.P; Nel, Héula; de Villiers, Maureen; Joubert, Pauletta; Van der Westhuizen, Engela , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 14: Va-Vir. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2006: 289. ISBN 0-7972-1087-3. 
  6. ^ Endemann, L.C.P; Lorenzen, Lynn; de Villiers, Maureen (編). Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 5b: M. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 1999: 738. ISBN 0-7972-0732-5. 
  7. ^ Endemann, L.C.P; Lorenzen, Lynn; de Villiers, Maureen (編). Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 5b: M. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 1999: 738. ISBN 0-7972-0732-5. 
  8. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 2:D-G. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 1998: 194. ISBN 0-7969-0752-8. 
  9. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 84. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  10. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 83. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  11. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 81. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  12. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 81. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
  13. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 2:D-G. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 1998: 810. ISBN 0-7969-0752-8. 
  14. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 2:D-G. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 1998: 810. ISBN 0-7969-0752-8. 
  15. ^ Endemann, L.C.P; Nel, Héula; Joubert, Pauletta; de Villiers, Maureen (編). Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 11: Scho-Sny. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2004: 428. ISBN 0-7972-1031-8. 
  16. ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 527. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7. 
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