以色列約旦河西岸隔離牆

維基百科，自由的百科全書
  此條目介紹的是以色列在約旦河西岸修築的隔離牆。關於以色列在加沙地帶修築的隔離牆，請見「加沙—以色列隔離牆」。
截至2011年7月的隔離牆路線： 438 km（272 mi）已完成, 58 km（36 mi）施工中, 212 km（132 mi）已計劃。
耶路撒冷的隔離牆，2007年。
阿布迪斯和東耶路撒冷之間的隔離牆，2004年6月。

以色列約旦河西岸隔離牆，簡稱西岸隔離牆，是以色列沿綠線在約旦河西岸內修建的隔離牆，是巴以衝突中的引發爭議的因素之一。巴勒斯坦人則將其視為種族隔離，他們經常稱之為種族隔離牆。[1][2][3]以色列稱其為制止巴勒斯坦政治暴力的必要手段。隔離牆沿線總長708公里(440英里)，是綠線長度的兩倍以上，其中15%沿着綠線或在以色列境內，其餘85%在約旦河西岸境內長達18公里 ，實際上將約9%的土地和大約25,000名其他巴勒斯坦人與巴勒斯坦領土的其他部分隔離開來[4]

根據以色列政府的說辭，這個隔離牆的建造是為了阻擋第二次巴勒斯坦大起義（2000年9月到2005年2月）中的政治暴力與恐怖主義[5]。以色列政府以從約旦河西岸實施的自殺性爆炸事件數量減少為證據，證明其有效性，這類襲擊從2000年至2003年7月的73起(第一個連續部分完成)下降到2003年8月至2006年底的12起[6][7]。儘管隔離牆最初是在緊張局勢加劇之際作為臨時安全措施提出的，但自那以來，它一直與以色列和約旦河西岸地區之間未來的政治邊界有關[8] 。

隔離牆招致了巴勒斯坦人、人權組織和國際社會成員的批評，他們都認為這是以色列打着安全的幌子企圖吞併巴勒斯坦土地的證據[9]。還有人指稱，修建隔離牆的目的是單方面建立新的事實邊界，從而破壞以色列-巴勒斯坦和平進程（英語：Israeli–Palestinian peace process）[10]。爭議的關鍵點在於，它大大偏離了綠線，嚴重限制了許多巴勒斯坦人的自由，並削弱了他們在約旦河西岸或前往以色列上班的通勤自由。國際法院發表了一項諮詢意見，認為隔離牆的存在符合違反國際法的條件[11][12]。2003年，聯合國大會通過一項決議，指責以色列修建隔離牆違反國際法，並要求以144票贊成、4票反對、12票棄權的表決結果拆除隔離牆[13]。

隔離牆的圍牆部分已經成為塗鴉藝術的畫布（英語：West Bank Wall graffiti art），其面對巴勒斯坦的一面的塗鴉表明反對隔離牆，巴勒斯坦人的抵抗，他們返回的權利，以及一般的人權[14]

與此隔離牆類似的還有加沙—以色列隔離牆，亦為阻礙巴勒斯坦人前往以色列領土。

名稱

在希伯來語中，以色列約旦河西岸隔離牆被稱作「隔離牆」(גדר ההפרדהⓘ, Geder HaHafrada)(希伯來語：חומת ההפרדה‎, Ḥomat HaHafrada)「安全保障牆」(גדר הביטחון‎, Geder HaBitaḥon)[15][16]。

在阿拉伯語中，以色列約旦河西岸隔離牆被稱作種族隔離牆[17] جدار الفصل العنصريⓘ, jidār al-faṣl al-‘unṣuriyy，表明對以色列種族滅絕的指控。

在英語中，英國廣播公司的導播使用了「隔離牆」（有時是「隔離牆」（英語："separation barrier"）或「約旦河西岸隔離牆」英語："West Bank barrier"）[18] ，《經濟學人》[19]美國公共廣播公司[20]和紐約時報[21]也是如此。以色列外交部在英語中使用「安全圍欄」一詞。國際法院使用「牆」一詞來解釋「有時使用的其他表達方式，如果從物理意義上理解，就不會更準確。」它也被貶稱為「種族隔離牆」或「種族隔離圍欄」。[22][23][24] 「接縫區」（希伯來語：מרחב התפר‎）是指1949年停戰協定線和圍欄之間的土地。

構造

以色列約旦河西岸隔離牆被以色列國防軍描述為一個「多層複合障礙物」，部分由9米高的混凝土牆組成[25]，其他部分由多層圍欄系統組成，兩道外圍圍欄上有三道金字塔形的帶刺鐵絲網，中間有一道較輕的圍欄，中間有入侵檢測設備; 一條反車輛溝渠; 兩側有巡邏道路; 以及一條用於跟蹤入侵的光滑沙帶[26][27]。

當以色列約旦河西岸隔離牆建成時，它包含一個平均寬度為60米(200英尺)的隔離區[28] ，有些部分的隔離區寬達100米[29]。通常來說，混凝土牆的寬度為3米，高度為9米[25]。

參考資料

  1. ^ The Security Fence, the Anti-Terrorism Barrier, the Wall. HuffPost. 2013-11-18 [2020-02-20]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-20）. 
  2. ^ Saving Lives: Israel's anti-terrorist fence-Answers to Questions. www.mfa.gov.il. [2019-10-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-06）. 
  3. ^ Dona J. Stewart, The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives, Routledge, 2013 p. 223.
  4. ^ Barrier Update: Special Focus (PDF). UN OCHA (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs). 2011. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-09-12）. 
  5. ^ Questions and Answers. Israel's Security Fence. The State of Israel. February 22, 2004 [2007-04-17]. （原始內容存檔於October 3, 2013）. The Security Fence is being built with the sole purpose of saving the lives of the Israeli citizens who continue to be targeted by the terrorist campaign that began in 2000. The fact that over 800 men, women and children have been killed in horrific suicide bombings and other terror attacks clearly justifies the attempt to place a physical barrier in the path of terrorists. 
  6. ^ The Anti-Terrorist Fence vs. Terrorism. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [2013-09-18]. （原始內容存檔於2004-01-10）. 
  7. ^ Nissenbaum, Dion. Death toll of Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians hit a low in 2006. Washington Bureau. 麥克拉奇報業. January 10, 2007 [2007-04-16]. （原始內容存檔於November 20, 2008）. Fewer Israeli civilians died in Palestinian attacks in 2006 than in any year since the Palestinian uprising began in 2000. Palestinian militants killed 23 Israelis and foreign visitors in 2006, down from a high of 289 in 2002 during the height of the uprising. Most significant, successful suicide bombings in Israel nearly came to a halt. Last year, only two Palestinian suicide bombers managed to sneak into Israel for attacks that killed 11 people and wounded 30 others. Israel has gone nearly nine months without a suicide bombing inside its borders, the longest period without such an attack since 2000[...] An Israeli military spokeswoman said one major factor in that success had been Israel's controversial separation barrier, a still-growing 400-公里（250-英里） network of high-tech fencing, concrete walls and other obstacles that cuts through parts of the West Bank. 'The security fence was put up to stop terror, and that's what it's doing,' said Capt. Noa Meir, a spokeswoman for the Israel Defense Forces. [...] Opponents of the barrier grudgingly acknowledge that it's been effective in stopping bombers, though they complain that its route should have followed the border between Israel and the Palestinian territories known as the Green Line. [...] IDF spokeswoman Meir said Israeli military operations that disrupted militants planning attacks from the West Bank also deserved credit for the drop in Israeli fatalities. 
  8. ^ Busbridge, Rachel. The wall has feet but so do we: Palestinian workers in Israel and the 'separation' wall. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 14 June 2016, 44 (3): 373–90. S2CID 148056811. doi:10.1080/13530194.2016.1194187. 
  9. ^ Under the Guise of Security: Routing the Separation Barrier to Enable Israeli Settlement Expansion in the West Bank. Publications. B'Tselem. December 2005 [2007-04-16]. （原始內容存檔於2007-04-05）. The fact that the Separation Barrier cuts into the West Bank was and remains the main cause of human rights violations of Palestinians living near the Barrier. Israel contends that the Barrier's route is based solely on security considerations. This report disputes that contention and proves that one of the primary reasons for choosing the route of many sections of the Barrier was to place certain areas intended for settlement expansion on the "Israeli" side of the Barrier. In some of the cases, for all intents and purposes the expansion constituted the establishment of a new settlement. 
  10. ^ Geraldine Bedell. Set in stone. The Guardian (London). 14 June 2003 [2013-09-17]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-30）. The Palestinian Authority, meanwhile, preoccupied with the road map and its own internal politics, 'has neglected the wall,' according to Jamal Juma. Yet the wall is crucial to the road map. At the very least, it is an attempt to preempt negotiations with a land grab that establishes new borders (and what the road map calls 'facts on the ground' that must be heeded). Arguably it is more devious: an attempt to undermine negotiations altogether – because what Palestinian Authority could sign up to the fragmented 'state' the wall will create? 
  11. ^ "International Court of Justice finds Israeli barrier in Palestinian territory is illegal 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2017-10-06.". UN News Centre. United Nations. 9 July 2004.
  12. ^ "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory". International Court of Justice. 9 July 2004. Archived from the original on 2 September 2004.
  13. ^ 联大通过决议要求以色列停止修建隔离墙 | | 联合国新闻. news.un.org. 2003-10-22 [2024-06-02] （中文（簡體））. 
  14. ^ Leuenberger, Christine. PIJ.ORG: The West Bank Wall as Canvas: Art and Graffiti in Palestine/Israel By Christine Leuenberger. PIJ.ORG. 2009-06-10 [2022-05-27]. 
  15. ^ Robert Zelnick, Israel's Unilateralism: Beyond Gaza, Hoover Press, 2006, p 30-31 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2020-07-31., ISBN 978-0-8179-4773-6, 9780817947736
  16. ^ Fiona de Londras, Detention in the 'War on Terror': Can Human Rights Fight Back?, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 177–78 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2020-07-10., " ISBN 978-1-139-50003-6、978-1139500036
  17. ^ Juliana Ochs,Security and Suspicion: An Ethnography of Everyday Life in Israel, University of Pennsylvania Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-812-20568-8p.147
  18. ^ Israel and the Palestinians: Key terms. BBC News. 12 October 2006 [2008-03-15]. （原始內容存檔於March 7, 2008）. BBC journalists should try to avoid using terminology favoured by one side or another in any dispute. The BBC uses the terms "barrier", "separation barrier" or "West Bank barrier" as acceptable generic descriptions to avoid the political connotations of "security fence" (preferred by the Israeli government) or "apartheid wall" (preferred by Palestinians). 
  19. ^ A safety measure or a land grab?. The Economist. 2003-10-09 [2014-10-15]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-08）. 
  20. ^ '5 Broken Cameras' in Context. PBS. August 26, 2013. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）. 
  21. ^ Bronner, Ethan. A Damaging Distance. The New York Times. 2014-07-11 [2017-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-30）. 
  22. ^ The Road Map to Nowhere: Israel/Palestine Since 2003, Tanya Reinhart (2006)
  23. ^ The Plot of the Eastern Segregation Wall. poica.org. 16 July 2005 [2013-09-17]. （原始內容存檔於22 May 2013）.  已忽略未知參數|df= (幫助)
  24. ^ Alatout, Samer. Towards a bio-territorial conception of power: Territory, population, and environmental narratives in Palestine and Israel. Political Geography. August 2006, 25 (6): 601–21. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.03.008. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Fabian, Emanuel. After terror attacks, Israel reinforces part of West Bank barrier with 9-meter wall. www.timesofisrael.com. [2022-06-22] （美國英語）. 
  26. ^ x. Operational Concept. Israel: 以色列國防軍. January 31, 2007 [2013-09-18]. （原始內容存檔於September 27, 2013）. The Security Fence is a multi layered composite obstacle comprised of several elements: * A ditch and a pyramid shaped stack of six coils of barbed wire on the eastern side of the structure, barbed wire only on the western side. * A path enabling the patrol of IDF forces on both sides of the structure. * An intrusion- detection fence, in the center, with sensors to warn of any incursion. * Smoothed strip of sand that runs parallel to the fence, to detect footprints. 
  27. ^ Barahona, Ana. Bearing Witness – Eight weeks in Palestine. London: Metete. 2013: 47. ISBN 978-1-908099-02-0. 
  28. ^ Israel High Court Ruling Docket H.C.J. 7957/04: International Legality of the Security Fence and Sections near Alfei Menashe. 以色列最高法院. September 15, 2005 [2007-04-16]. （原始內容存檔於2005-12-24）. .
  29. ^ Behind the barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2019-10-28., pp. 5–8. Yehezkel Lein, B'Tselem, March 2003. Here available 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2020-07-02.. p. 8: "The average width of the barrier complex is sixty meters. Due to topographic constraints, a narrower barrier will be erected in some areas and will not include all of the elements that support the electronic fence. However, as the state indicated to the High Court of Justice, "in certain cases, the barrier will reach a width of one hundred meters due to the topographic conditions."
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