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火槍

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記載於《火龍經》上的火槍形象,14世紀末(1360-1375

火槍是一種中國古代的火器,最早出現於公元10-12世紀。火槍是所有現代火藥類武器的鼻祖[1],曾在宋金戰爭期間發揮了巨大作用。它最初是一種附在長柄武器(即「」)上的小型煙火式裝置,用於在近戰開始時獲得衝擊優勢[2]。隨着火藥的改進爆炸物的排放量增加,碎片或彈丸等也被添加,使其具有現代火焰噴射器以及霰彈槍組合的一些效果,但射程非常短(約3公尺或10英尺),而且只有一發子彈(一些設計可擊發兩次)。至13世紀末期,火槍的槍管已轉變為金屬材料,以更好地承受爆炸衝擊波,並且槍頭的尖刺設計被放棄,轉而成為僅依靠火藥擊發完成攻擊的純火器。這些武器日後演變為了最早的手銃[3]

名稱

根據使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差異方面,火槍在當時有着包括「突火槍」、「梨花槍」、「火門槍」、「槍砲」等不同的名稱。此外,因為現代漢語裡的小型火器亦以「槍」一詞通稱,「火槍」一詞在現代漢語裡既可以表示步槍時代以前的早期火器(特別是鳥銃等),也可以用於指代後來所有的近現代槍支,在這種場合下一般將前者替稱為「火矛槍」以作區分。

設計

最早出現的火槍由一根通常是竹子的管子組成,裡面裝有火藥和一根慢火柴,綁在長矛或其他長柄武器上。 一旦點燃,火藥管就會向矛頭方向噴射出一股火焰。 後來將鐵丸或陶器碎片等射彈添加到火藥中。 發射時,火藥裝藥將彈丸與火焰一起噴射出來[4]

金屬火槍管出現在13世紀中葉左右,並且不再捆綁於槍上,開始獨立於長槍本身而使用。獨立出來的金屬炮管被稱為「eruptor」,成為手銃的前身[4]

在歐洲,以木管制造的火槍版本曾被使用[5]

圖集

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Andrade 2016,第35頁.
  2. ^ Andrade 2016,第38頁.
  3. ^ Andrade 2016,第33頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Andrade 2016,第51頁.
  5. ^ Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36. 

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外部連結

  • Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  • Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
  • Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館