梨俱吠陀

《梨俱吠陀》（梵語：ऋग्वेद，羅馬化：ṛgveda），梵文由ṛc（「歌頌」）和veda（「知識」）兩個詞根構成，全名《梨俱吠陀本集》，漢譯為《歌詠明論^{[來源請求]}》，是吠陀經中最早出現的一卷，成文於公元前16世紀到前11世紀，是除了赫梯語的文獻外，在印歐語系語言中最古老的書籍。與其他文明的古老文獻不同，它是以口傳方式保存下來的。

內容

《梨俱吠陀》分十卷，收詩1,028首﹐其中有11首被認為是附錄，最短的詩只有3節，最長的詩有58節，是雅利安人來到印度河兩岸，對神的讚歌。

雅利安人將宇宙分為三界：天界、空界和地界，每一界有11個神，三界共33個神，天界的神有帝奧斯、婆樓那、蘇利耶、烏莎、羅底利；空界的神有因陀羅、阿邦那波陀、魯陀羅；地界之神有潑利提韋、阿耆尼、蘇摩，這些深厚而豐富的精神思維體系，反映出雅利安人對於先智慧開導者們的崇拜與嚮往。因陀羅是古印度人部落的首領，驍勇善戰，在公元前2000年征服印度，古印度人的詩人為了歌頌他而創作出200餘首神曲。

《梨俱吠陀》中所記載的妖魔，後人推斷為古代印度的奴隸，西來的雅利安人又以「瓦爾那」來分別其階級，最後再轉義為「種姓」，《梨俱吠陀》末卷出現了婆羅門、剎帝利、吠舍、首陀羅四個種姓。

《梨俱吠陀》除頌神的詩歌外，還有世俗詩歌，有一些以婚禮、愛情、巫術甚至是賭博為內容的神曲，例如第六章俗諦神曲序《賭徒懺悔錄》，描寫擲骰子的迷人之處，一位教徒賭輸後跪在神像前懺悔，哀號淒切，以及家中母親和妻子的憂傷。這些作品都反映着吠陀時期人民的生活習俗。

傳播

《梨俱吠陀》的成書時間相傳是在公元前2000至前1500年之間，但最早的文字流傳僅能追溯至公元15世紀，《梨俱吠陀》實際上是靠婆羅門祭司們代代口耳相傳，爾後才有手稿。玄奘在迦濕彌羅的時候曾讀過「四吠陀」，但未必是此書，也不能證明唐朝時此書流傳於世。19世紀歐洲人第一次刊印《梨俱吠陀》，有德、英、法等譯本。

參見

參考文獻

Editions

editio princeps: Friedrich Max Müller, The Hymns of the Rigveda, with Sayana's commentary, London, 1849–75, 6 vols., 2nd ed. 4 vols., Oxford, 1890–92.
Theodor Aufrecht, 2nd ed., Bonn, 1877.
Sontakke, N. S. Rgveda-Samhitā: Śrimat-Sāyanāchārya virachita-bhāṣya-sametā. Sāyanachārya (commentary) First. Vaidika Samśodhana Maṇḍala. 1933. . The Editorial Board for the First Edition included N. S. Sontakke (Managing Editor), V. K. Rājvade, M. M. Vāsudevaśāstri, and T. S. Varadarājaśarmā.
B. van Nooten und G. Holland, Rig Veda, a metrically restored text, Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994.
Rgveda-Samhita, Text in Devanagari, English translation Notes and indices by H. H. Wilson, Ed. W.F. Webster, originally in 1888, Published Nag Publishers 1990, 11A/U.A. Jawaharnagar,Delhi-7.

Commentary

Sayana (14th century)
- ed. Müller 1849–75 (German translation);
- ed. Müller (original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on 24 manuscripts).
- ed. Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala, Pune (2nd ed. 1972) in 5 volumes.
Rgveda-Samhitā Srimat-sāyanāchārya virachita-bhāṣya-sametā, ed. by Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samśodhana Mandala,Pune-9,1972, in 5 volumes (It is original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on over 60 manuscripts).
Sri Aurobindo, Hymns to the Mystic Fire (Commentary on the Rig Veda), Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-22-5 [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Raimundo Pannikar (1972), The Vedic Experience, University of California Press

Philology

Vashishtha Narayan Jha, A Linguistic Analysis of the Rgveda-Padapatha Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi (1992).
Bjorn Merker, Rig Veda Riddles In Nomad Perspective, Mongolian Studies, Journal of the Mongolian Society XI, 1988.
Thomas Oberlies, Die Religion des Rgveda, Wien 1998.
Oldenberg, Hermann. Hymnen des Rigveda. 1. Teil: Metrische und textgeschichtliche Prolegomena. Berlin 1888. (please add), Wiesbaden 1982. 1894.
—Die Religion des Veda. Berlin 1894; Stuttgart 1917; Stuttgart 1927; Darmstadt 1977
—Vedic Hymns, The Sacred Books of the East vo, l. 46 ed. Friedrich Max Müller, Oxford 1897
Adolf Kaegi, The Rigveda: The Oldest Literature of the Indians (trans. R. Arrowsmith), Boston, Ginn and Co. (1886), 2004 reprint: ISBN 978-1-4179-8205-9.
Mallory, J. P.; et al. Indo-Iranian Languages in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn. 19891997.

Historical

Anthony, David W., The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World, Princeton University Press, 2007
Avari, Burjor, India: The Ancient Past, London: Routledge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9
Bryant, Edwin. The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-513777-9.
Flood, Gavin D., An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, 1996
Lal, B.B. 2005. The Homeland of the Aryans. Evidence of Rigvedic Flora and Fauna & Archaeology, New Delhi, Aryan Books International.
Talageri, Shrikant: The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis, 2000. ISBN 81-7742-010-0
Witzel, Michael, Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state (PDF), EJVS vol. 1 no. 4 (1995), 1995, （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於20 February 2012）
Witzel, Michael (ed.), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997

外部連結

Text

Devanagari and transliteration （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） experimental online text at: sacred-texts.com
ITRANS, Devanagari, transliteration （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） online text and PDF, several versions prepared by Detlef Eichler
Transliteration, metrically restored （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） online text, at: Linguistics Research Center, Univ. of Texas
Transliteration with tone accents （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） PDF prepared by Keith Briggs
The Hymns of the Rigveda （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Editio Princeps by Friedrich Max Müller (large PDF files of book scans). Two editions: London, 1877 (Samhita and Pada texts) and Oxford, 1890–92, with Sayana's commentary.
互聯網檔案館中梨俱吠陀的作品或與之相關的作品

Audio

Audio download (MP3) by Indian Institute of Scientific Heritage (IISH)
Audio download (MP3) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Live recording by Varanasi-based scholars; chanted in North Indian style, i.e. without tones (yeha swara)
Choral Hymns from the Rig Veda, Op.26, Gustav Holtz, 14 pieces in 4 groups, Piano with Violins, Romantic Movements, Vocal Scores （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, University of Rochester

Translations

English translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith on Wikisource
For links to other translations, see Translations section above.

Other

Nomination of Rigveda Archive-It的存檔，存檔日期2007-09-26 (.doc format) submitted by India in 2006–2007 for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register.
A Still Undeciphered Text: How the scientific approach to the Rigveda would open up Indo-European Studies, Karen Thomson (2009), The Journal of Indo-European Studies, Volume 37, Number 1 & 2, pages 1–47 (a review of various attempts to translate Rigveda and the issues with current translations)
季羨林：〈《梨俱吠陀》幾首哲學讚歌新解（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）〉。