阿夫里坎·斯皮尔
阿夫里坎·斯皮尔 | |
---|---|
出生 | Elizabethgrad, now Kirovohrad, Kherson Governorate | 1837年11月15日
逝世 | 1890年3月26日 日内瓦 | (52岁)
时代 | 19世纪哲学 |
地区 | 西方哲学 |
学派 | 新康德主义 |
主要领域 | 逻辑学, 认识论, 本体论,宗教, 伦理学, 社会公正 |
著名思想 | 基要主义 |
阿夫里坎·斯皮尔(Afrikan Aleksandrovich Špir,俄语:Африка́н Алекса́ндрович Спир;德语:Afrikan (von) Spir;法语:African (de) Spir;意大利语:Africano Spir,1837年11月15日—1890年3月26日[2]) 是一位俄罗斯的新康德主义哲学家,他有着希腊和德国血统,而主要以德文写作。他的著作《思想与实在》对弗里德里希·尼采的写作有着“长久的影响”。[3][4]
人生经历
Spir于1837年11月15日出生在他父亲位于斯皮洛夫斯卡(Spirovska)的房子里,离伊莉沙维特格勒(即Elizabethgrad, 如今叫做Kirovohrad, Kherson Governorate)较近,因此属于莫斯科帝国(如今则是在乌克兰)。[5] 他的父亲Alexander Alexandrovich Spir是一位俄国外科医生——准确地说是敖德萨军事医院的主任医师——以前则是莫斯科的一位数学教授。在1812年他的父亲被弗拉基米尔大公封为骑士,也成为了赫尔松市(苏联乌克兰南部港市)的世袭贵族和议员。[6] 他的母亲叫做Helena Constantinovna Spir是市长的女儿,她的外祖父是一位希腊画家,在凯瑟琳大帝时期来到俄国。他的父亲从一本希腊的旧日历中给他四男一女共五个孩子取名,这便是他古怪的名字Afrikan( 欧洲罕见人名)的由来。
Spir不喜欢这个受洗时所取的名字,就在签名里将其简单地写作"A. Spir"。谦逊的品格也使得他没有在姓氏前面加上表现其贵族地位的德文词“von”或者法文词“de”。[7]他如此描述自己的受教育经历:“我在乡下度过童年,接着在敖德萨学习了一阵儿,一开始是在一个私立寄宿学校,然后是在一个体育馆,如果我没弄错的话,它们和法国的高级中学差不了太多。我没有上过大学,相反我接着去了Nikolayev (如今的Mykolaiv)一所见习船员学校,那里离黑海不远。“[8]在这期间,他对哲学产生了兴趣,并且通过阅读康德的《纯粹理性批判》(看的是Tissot所译的法文版),打下了哲学思辨的基础。 接着他又阅读了笛卡尔,休谟和密尔的作品。[9]
1855年,18岁的时候,他作为海军中尉参加了克里米亚战争,并且两次获颁奖章(分别由 St. Andrew 和St. George 授予)。他驻守在马拉可夫(Malakoff)的第四堡垒,即塞瓦斯托波尔围城战中托尔斯泰所驻之堡垒。1852年,他的父亲去世后,他继承了父亲的财产(他仅存的另一位兄弟,诗人Aristarch,已经在1841年去世了),接着他解放了自己的农奴,并把土地,物资和钱财也散给了他们,这一举动,或许是对1861年农奴制改革的预见。在1862年,他离开伊莉沙维特格勒,前往德国旅行,他在那里呆了两年时间,以期“对人类心灵有更好的认识”[10]1864年,他的姐姐Charitis在他离开俄国不久之后去世。1867年,他的母亲也离开了人世,他于是以“低得可笑”的价钱卖掉了自己的财产,又散尽财富,然后永远地离开了故乡。[11]
他一开始去了莱比锡,听了Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch (1802–1896,一位赫尔巴特派哲学家)的讲座。当时,还是学生的尼采恰好也在那里,不过并没有迹象表明他们见了面。1869年他去了图宾根,1871年去了斯图加特。1872年1月30日,在该市的一座东正教堂[12] 里,他与Elisabeth (Elise) Gatternich[13] 结婚,接着夫妇二人有了一个女儿,Hélène.[14] 在莱比锡,他和出版商兼共济会员Joseph Gabriel Findel交好,后者出版了Spir绝大多数的作品。他最重要的著作,《思想与实在:初探批判哲学之革新》(Thought and Reality: Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy)也于1873年初版。它的第二版,也就是尼采手头的版本,则面市于1877年。为了扩大读者群,他又直接以法语写作了《批判哲学大纲》 (Esquisses de philosophie critique),这本著作出版于1877年。[15] 它的第二版则要等到他死后四十年,即1930年才予付印,且由巴黎大学索邦神学院的莱昂·不伦瑞克教授作序。
1878年起,为了治疗肺炎导致的慢性咳嗽,他搬到瑞士的洛桑居住五年。1884年,他向俄国皇帝请求准许他脱离俄国国籍,归化为瑞士公民;同年他得到了皇帝的准许,开始着手申请在洛桑上贝尔蒙地区——即他与家人居住之地——的注册许可证。[16] 在1886年,为了享用更优秀的图书资源(即所谓Société de Lecture,一个私人读书社群)[17],他又搬去了日内瓦。[18] 自1889年9月17日起,他正式获得瑞士联邦政府承认,与其妻子、女儿一道成为了瑞士公民。[19] 他于1890年3月26日在日内瓦的6 rue Petitot过世,死因是流行性感冒。此前他靠妻子和女儿养活。[20]
他的手稿、个人文件、照片和书籍在1940年被其女儿捐给了日内瓦图书馆(Bibliothèque de Genève, formerly Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève),它们组成了一套 "African Spir全集",可供查阅。
有关他和家人的其他文章也可以在Harvard University Library 查阅到。
哲学思想
认识论
基于他的个人阅读和参加Drobitsch讲座之举, Spir应当是一位新康德主义哲学家。他把自己的哲学称为“批判哲学”。他追寻着一条把哲学建设为“第一原则的科学”之道路,认为哲学的使命是调查直觉知识,揭露经验主义的妄想,以及通过对事实的严格陈述和逻辑严密的推理来展现事物的真正本质。这一方法使得他推崇同一律(即law of identity, A ≡ A) 为认知的基本规律,与经验世界的纷繁表象相对。
本体论
对Spir而言,同一律不仅是认知的基本规律,也是本体论的准则,是绝对存在的实体的表达,它与不断变迁的经验存在相对。[21] 同一律如此表达绝对实体:只有与自身完全而永远一致的,才是真实的;但是经验世界却处在永远的变化之中,因此它不为真。故此,经验世界具有虚幻的特质,因为表象千变万化,而经验现实永不可知。
宗教与道德
对Spir而言,他的宗教观、伦理观和他的哲学有着同样的理论基础:同一律。同一,是至高无上者、绝对存在和神灵的特质。他认为,一般来说,上帝并不是创生宇宙万物或者人类自身的神圣造物主,而是人的真正本性和万物之道。而那道德和宗教的良知就孕育在对“规范”和“经验本质”之对比的认知之中。“在人的经验本性和道德本质之间存在着激烈的二元关系“,而对此二元关系的体认是道德判断的基础。[22]
社会公正
在社会层面,Spir并不赞成私人财产的累积和继承,可他一边要求有物质材料的分配,一边又不赞成集体主义。[23]通过将自己继承所得的土地财富分给以前所属的农奴,他树立了这一方面的典范。[24]
批判性的回应
虽然从事了大半生的哲学工作,但是Spir从未担任任何大学的教职,终其一生,他的著作相对来讲也未为人们所熟知。他还真的抱怨过这种铜城铁壁般的“阴谋式的寂静”。[25] 然而,Spir却对一些卓越的哲学家、学者和作家产生过重大影响,例如汉斯·费英格,弗里德里希·尼采, 威廉·詹姆士,列夫·托尔斯泰和鲁道夫·斯坦纳。他的《思想与实在》甫一出版,费英格便阅读了,并且回忆说它“给人留下非常深刻的印象”[26] 尼采称他为杰出的逻辑学家(ein ausgezeichneter Logiker)。[27] 詹姆士在他的《心理学原理》中几次援引此书,例如当辩论一个康德哲学议题时,他写道:“总体而论,对这一问题的最新、最优秀的处理,据我所知是来自A. Spir的《思想与实在》。”[28]
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Leo_Tolstoy_1897%2C_black_and_white%2C_37767u.jpg/220px-Leo_Tolstoy_1897%2C_black_and_white%2C_37767u.jpg)
1896年,托尔斯泰读到此书时,同样极受感动;在写给Hélène Claparède-Spir的信中他说:“阅读《思想与实在》对我而言是极大的乐趣,我还未曾见过如此深刻同时又如此严格的哲学家,我意指他的科学性——书中那些严格引入的概念对任何人来说都是必要而清晰的。我确信他的学说会在未来得到它应得的理解和激赏;它将为作者带来巨大的哀荣,一如叔本华的杰作。”[29]
在他的日记中(1896.5.2)托尔斯泰写道:“又是一个关于Spir的《思想与实在》的事件!我刚刚重读了我的日记的开头几篇。实际上,我发现它不是别的,正是这本书的一篇小小的摘要!可是当我写下这些日记的时候,不仅还没有读它,甚至连听也没有听说过呢!这本书彻底阐明了我对生命意义的观念,还在某种程度上巩固了它。这一学说的精要在于,万物并不存在,存在的是我们对实体概念的印象。概念 (或曰表象)有这样的性质,它相信着“物体的存在性”。这来源于思考的性质。思考首先包含了“将实体归因于印象”,即一种物质,接着,思考又将它们投射在空间之中。”他在三天后的日记里又补充说:“我一直在阅读Spir的著作。这阅读使我思如泉涌。”
关于他的哲学的最重要的研究主要出版在1900到1914年间 (由Lessing, Zacharoff, Segond, Huan, Martinetti)。
在1917年的一个演讲中,鲁道夫·斯坦纳称Spir "极其迷人" ,是一位 "原创型的思想家",是一位有着“在19世纪中极为罕见的敏锐感觉”的人。正因为这样,他也不幸地未被理解,而经历了“一位思想家所能经历的一切苦难”,即如同谚语所言,“死于寂静”——他被完全无视了。[30]
一战过后, 意大利哲学家Piero Martinetti (1872–1943)[31] 的译介给Spir哲学带来一次短暂的春天。它以“宗教唯心主义”之名为人所知。[32]
二战之前, Hélène Claparède-Spir以法文出版了父亲的作品,并且为了推广其思想,与读者作了广泛的书信往来。[33] 1937年,为纪念Spir百年诞辰, Martinetti以意大利文出版了关于Spir的专题论文集,名曰《哲学评论》(the Rivista di Filosofia)。[34]
二战过后, African Spir被人们所遗忘。 1990年,为纪念他逝世一百周年,日内瓦公立图书馆组织了一次展览,展出了African Spir的文集[35] ,又出版了分析目录。[36] 他的许多著作从未被售罄过,因此人们仍可买到其第一版、第二版的德、法、意、英和西语原书。 或许是因为二十一世纪初,相关争论引发了新的兴致,由Odoardo Campa在1911年翻译的重印本《道德与宗教》于2008年再版[37]
Spir 的著述
- 1866. Die Wahrheit, Leipzig, J.G. Findel (under the pseudonym of “Prais”, anagram of: A. Spir, 2nd ed. under the name of A. Spir 1867, Leipzig, Förster und Findel).
- 1868. Andeutung zu einem widerspruchlosen Denken, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1869. Erörterung einer philosophischen Grundeinsicht, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1869. Forschung nach der Gewissheit in der Erkenntniss der Wirklichkeit, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1869. Kurze Darstellung der Grundzüge einer philosophischen Anschauungsweise, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1869. Vorschlag an die Freunde einer vernünftigen Lebensführung, Leipzig, J.G. Findel (French translation by Hélène Claparède-Spir: Projet d'un coenobium laïque, Ed. of Coenobium, Lugano, 1907).
- 1870. Kleine Schriften, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1873. Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie, 1st ed. Leipzig, J. G. Findel.
- 1874. Moralität und Religion, 1st ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel. (Italian translation by Odoardo Campa: Religione, Lanciano, Carabba, 1911, reprint 2008).
- 1876. Empirie und Philosophie: vier Abhandlungen, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1876. "Zu der Frage der ersten Principien", in: Philosophische Monatshefte, XII, p. 49–55.
- 1877. Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie, 2d ed. Leipzig, J. G. Findel.
(French translation from the 3rd ed. by A. Penjon: Pensée et réalité: essai d'une réforme de la philosophie critique, Lille, Au siège des Facultés – Paris, Alcan, 1896). - 1877. Sinn und Folgen der modernen Geistesströmung, 1st ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1878. Moralität und religion, 2d ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1878. Sinn und Folgen der modernen Geistesströmung, 2d ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1879. Johann Gottlieb Fichte nach seinen Briefen, Leipzig, J. G. Findel.
- 1879. Recht und Unrecht: Eine Erörterung der Principien, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.(2nd ed., 1883, Italian translation by Cesare Goretti: La Giustizia, Milano, Lombarda, 1930; French translation: Principes de justice sociale, Genève: Éditions du Mon-Blanc (Hélène Claparède-Spir ed., Préf. de Georges Duhamel); English translation by Alexander Frederick Falconer: Right and Wrong, Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd, 1954).
- 1879. Ueber Idealismus und Pessimismus, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1879. "Ob eine vierte Dimension des Raums denkbar ist?", in: Philosophische Monatshefte, XV, p. 350–352.
- 1880. Vier Grundfragen, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1883. Studien, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1883. Über Religion: Ein Gespräch, 1st ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel. (Italian translation by O. Campa, Ed. of Coenobium, Lugano, 1910.
- 1883–85. Gesammelte Schriften Leipzig:, J.G. Findel, (republished in 1896 by Paul Neff, Stuttgart).
- 1885. Philosophische Essays,Leipzig:, J.G. Findel, (republished in 1896 by Paul Neff, Stuttgart).
- 1887. Esquisses de philosophie critique, Paris, Ancienne librairie Germer-Baillière et Cie, F. Alcan éditeur. (Russian translation by N. A. Bracker, Moscow, 1901; Italian translation by O. Campa, with an introduction by P. Martinetti, Milan, 1913).
- 1890. Deux questions vitales: De la Connaissance du bien et du mal; De l'immortalité, Genève, Stapelmohr (published anonymously).
- 1895. "Wie gelangen wir zur Freiheit und Harmonie des Denkens", in: Archiv für systematische Philosophie, Bd. I, Heft 4, p. 457–473.
- 1897. Über Religion: Ein Gespräch, 2d ed. Leipzig, J.G. Findel.
- 1899. Nouvelles esquisses de philosophie critique (études posthumes), Paris, Librairie Félix Alcan, (Spanish translation by R. Urbano, Madrid, 1904).
- 1908–1909. Gesammelte Werke, Leipzig, J.A. Barth (Hélène Claparède-Spir ed.).
- 1930. Esquisses de philosophie critique, Paris, Libraire Félix Alcan (Nouvelle éd. avec une introduction par Léon Brunschvicg, Membre de l'Institut)
- 1930. Propos sur la guerre, Paris, Editions Truchy-Leroy (Hélène Claparède-Spir ed.).
- 1937. Paroles d'un sage, Paris-Genève, Je Sers-Labor (Choix de pensées d'African Spir avec une esquisse biografique, Hélène Claparède-Spir ed., 2d ed. Paris, Alcan, 1938).
- 1948. Lettres inédites de African Spir au professeur Penjon, Neuchâtel, Éditions du Griffon (Introd. d'Emile Bréhier).
参见
注释
- ^ Gerardus Heymans is quoted as saying that Spir "exercised a real influence on the elaboration of his thought." Lettres inédites de African Spir au professeur Penjon (Unpublished Letters of African Spir to professor Penjon), Neuchâtel, 1948, p. 231, n. 7.
- ^ Spir died at 9 PM, Fabrizio Frigerio, Catalogue raisonné du fonds African Spir (Analytical Catalogue of Afrikan Spir's Corpus) p. 6, n. 28. Death certificate of African Spir, 26 March 1890 (Vol. 1890, n. 139).
- ^ Rüdiger Safranski, Nietzsche: A Philosophical Biography (trans. Shelley Frisch), W. W. Norton & Company, 2003, p. 161: "This work [Thought and Reality] had long been consigned to oblivion, but it had a lasting impact on Nietzsche. Section 18 of Human, All Too Human cited Spir, not by name, but by presenting a "proposition by an outstanding logician" (2,38; HH I §18).
- ^ For Nietzsche's annotations in his copy of African's Spir Thought and Reality, as well as Hélène's Claparède-Spir comments on these annotations in a letter in German to Hans Vaihinger (dated Geneva, March, 11th, 1930), cf. Fabrizio Frigerio, op. cit., p. 15, n. 29 c., Ms. l.e. 253.
- ^ Ibid., p. 4, 2, n.2. Birth Certificate of African Spir (in Russian) and n.3. German translation of the Birth Certificate and the Certificate of Baptism of African Spir.
- ^ According to the Russian Law about the Nobility, people who were awarded with the St. Vladimir Order (each class) had had the rights of hereditary nobility until the Emperor's Decree of 1900 was issued. After this only three first classes of the Order gave such a right.
- ^ Or to abridge it, if it was absolutely necessary to maintain it, like in his engagement-card: "A. v. Spir-Elise Gatternicht Verlobte Odessa December 1871 Stuttgart", cf.Ibid., p. 4, Personal papers of African Spir, Ms. fr. 1406, 2, no.7.
- ^ Autobiographical notice, cf.Ibid., p. 7, Personal Papers of African Spir, Ms. fr. 1409, 5, no.7.
- ^ "two philosophers, Stuart Mill and David Hume, that he appreciated very particularly, and who always stayed his preferred authors, “because, he said, of their clarity et of their perfect sincerity.” Hélène Claparède-Spir, Paroles d'un sage : choix de pensées d’African Spir, (Words of a wise man: choice of Spir's words) Paris-Genève, Je Sers-Labor, 1937, p.24.
- ^ Fabrizio Frigerio, op. cit., p. 7, Personal Papers of African Spir, Ms. fr. 1409, 5, no.7.
- ^ Hélène Claparède-Spir, Un précurser A. Spir, Lausanne-Genève, 1920, p. 18
- ^ Ibid.: "I was educated and baptized in the Greco-Russian faith, although my father was a Protestant."
- ^ Elise Sophie Adelaïde Gatternicht, born on 4 June 1850 in Stuttgart, daughter of Johann Adam Gatternicht and Jeanne Catherine, born Heuss (Excerpt of Certificate of Birth, Stuttgart, 19 July 1883), Fabrizio Frigerio, op. cit., p. 4, Personal Papers of African Spir, Ms. fr. 1406, 5, nos. 8 and 9.
- ^ Hélène-Catherine-Augusta Spir (Stuttgart, 14.2.1873 – Geneva, 12.11.1955), who will marry the Swiss neurologist and psychologist Edouard Claparède (Geneva, 24.3.1873 – Geneva, 29.9.1940) and became Hélène Claparède-Spir (or Elena Afrikanovna Klapared-Spir, in russian: Елона Африкановна Клапаред-Спир (Шпир).
- ^ "The author of the present Outlines who, without being himself a German, has published many books in German, will submit his philosophy to the scrutiny of the French Public.", Fabrizio Frigerio, op. cit., p. 9, no. 14, Ms. fr. 1410.
- ^ Ibid., p. 5, nos. 18, 19, 20, 21.
- ^ Due to his chronic cough, it was not possible for Spir to read books in a public library; as a member of the "Société de Lecture" it was possible for him to take at home the books that he wanted to read.
- ^ Establishment's Setting n. 18529, delivered 19 June 1886, to Mr. African De Spir, without profession, born 10 November 1837, from Russia, married to Miss Eisabeth De Gatternicht, Fabrizio Frigerio, op. cit., p. 5 , no. 24.
- ^ Authorization N. 347, Fabrizio Frigerio, op. cit., p. 6 , no. 25.
- ^ For Spir's biography cf.Hélène Claparède-Spir, Un précurseur: A. Spir [A Forerunner: A. Spir], Lausanne-Genève, Payot & Cie, 1920.
- ^ Forschung nach der Gewissheit in der Erkenntniss der Wirklichkeit, p. 13.
- ^ Moralität und Religion, Leipzig, J.G. Findel, 1874.
- ^ Recht und Unrecht: Eine Erörterung der Principien, Leipzig, J.G. Findel, 1879.
- ^ Hélène-Claparède Spir, "Un précurseur: A. Spir", in: African Spir, Principes de justice sociale, précédés de "Un précurseur", avec une préface de Georges Duhamel, Genève, 1945, p. 19.
- ^ Lettres inédites de African Spir au professeur Penjon. Neuchâtel, Éditions du Griffon (Introd. d'Emile Bréhier), 1948, p.52.
- ^ "I was 21 years old when in 1873 was published this important book (Thought and Reality by A. Spir), which I started immediately to study diligently. The book produced immediately a great impression." 8 March 1930, in a memory on an article of the Nouvelles littéraires (Literary News) on Nietzsche and Spir.
- ^ Human, All Too Human (2,38; HH I §18)
- ^ James, W. (1891) The Principles of Psychology. In Two Volumes, Vol. II. London: MacMillan and Co., p.662.
- ^ Published in: Hélène Claparède-Spir, Evocation: Tolstoi, Nietzsche, Rilke, Spir, Genève, Georg, 1944; the original letter can be consulted at the Bibliothèque de Genève, cf. Fabrizio Frigerio, op. cit., p.17, n. 2. Manuscript letter (in French) to Hélène Claparède-Spir in Stuttgart, 1/13 May 1896.
- ^ Steiner, R. (1985) Lecture I Berlin, July 31, 1917. Forgotten Aspects of Cultural Life. In, The Karma of Materialism. Anthroposophic Press. pp.1-20.
- ^ Piero Martinetti, Il pensiero di Africano Spir (African's Spir Thought), edited by Franco Alessio, Torino, Albert Meynier, 1990.
- ^ Franco Alessio, L'idealismo religioso di Piero Martinetti, Brescia, Morcelliana, 1950 (Alessio's dissertation at Pavia).
- ^ Fabrizio Frigerio, op. cit., p.16, n. 30. Letters to Hélène Claparède-Spir concerning her father African Spir, Ms. 1.e. 254.
- ^ Rivista di filosofia, 1937, a. XXVIII, n. 3, Africano Spir nel primo centenario della nascita.
- ^ Fabrizio Frigerio, "Un philosophe russe à Genève: African Spir (1837–1890)", in Musées de Genève, 1990, 307, p. 3-7.
- ^ Fabrizio Frigerio, Catalogue raisonné du fonds African Spir, Genève, Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève, 1990.
- ^ Africano Spir, Religione, Traduzione dal tedesco con prefazione e una bibliografia di Od. Campa, Lanciano, Carabba editore, 2008 (Ristampa anastatica della edizione originale).
延伸阅读
- Selected works on Spir
- Charles Baudouin, "Le philosophe African Spir (1837–1890). A l'occasion de son centenaire", in: Action et Pensée, 1938, juin, p. 65–75.
- Léon Brunschvicg, "La philosophie religieuse de Spir" in: Comptes rendus du II ème Congrès international de philosophie, Geneva, 1904, p. 329–334.
- Hélène Claparède-Spir, Evocation. Tolstoï - Nietziche - Rilke - Spir. Georg et Cie. Libraires de l'Universitié, Genevé. 1944.
- Hélène Claparède-Spir, Un précurseur: A. Spir, Lausanne-Genève, Payot & Cie, 1920.
- Hélène Claparède-Spir, "Vie de A. Spir" in African Spir, Nouvelles esquisses de philosophie critique, Paris, Félix Alcan, 1899.
- Augusto Del Noce, Filosofi dell'esistenza e della libertà, Spir, Chestov, Lequier, Renouvier, Benda, Weil, Vidari, Faggi, Martinetti, Rensi, Juvalta, Mazzantini, Castelli, Capograsssi, a cura di Francesco Mercadante e Bernardino Casadei, Milano, Giuffrè, 1992.
- Fabrizio Frigerio, Catalogue raisonné du fonds African Spir, Genève, Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève, 1990.
- Fabrizio Frigerio, "Un philosophe russe à Genève: African Spir (1837–1890)", in: Musées de Genève, 1990, 307, p. 3–7.
- Fabrizio Frigerio, "Spir, Afrikan Alexandrowitsch", in: Schweizer Lexikon, Mengis & Ziehr Ed., Luzern, 1991–1993, t. VI, p. 31.
- Adolphe Ferrière, "African Spir", in: Bibliothèque universelle, 1911, vol. 63, p. 166–175.
- Alfred Haag, Der Substanzbegriff und eine erkentniss-theoretischen Grundlagen in der Philosophie des Afrikan Spir, 1837–1890. Historisch-kritischer Beitrag zu neueren Philosophie, Würzburg, 1923-224.
Haag's dissertation at Würzburg. - Gabriel Huan, Essai sur le dualisme de Spir, Paris, Librairie Félix Alcan, 1914.
Huan's dissertation at Paris. - Humanus, (pseud. of Ernst Eberhardt), African Spir: ein Philosoph der Neuzeit, Leipzig, J.G.Findel, 1892 (New ed. 2009).
- Theodor Lessing, African Spirs Erkenntnislehre, Gießen, Münchow, 1900.
Lessing's dissertation at Erlangen. (African Spirs Erkenntnislehre (1899), in: Kantstudien, Bd. 6, Berlin, 1901) - Piero Martinetti, "Africano Spir", in: Rassegna nazionale, 1913, fasc. 16 gennaio-11 febbraio.
- Piero Martinetti, La libertà, Milan, Lombarda, 1928, Spir: pp. 282–289 (new ed. Torino, Aragno 2004, Spir: p. 248–254).
- Piero Martinetti, Il pensiero di Africano Spir, Torino, Albert Meynier, 1990.
Published and with an introduction by Franco Alessio.
Review by Fabrizio Figerio in: Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie, Lausanne, 1993, 125, p. 400. - Auguste Penjon, "Spir et sa doctrine", Revue de métaphysique et de morale, 1893, p. 216–248.
- Rivista di filosofia, 1937, a. XXVIII, n. 3, Africano Spir nel primo centenario della nascita: *** "Africano Spir (1837–1890)"; E. Carando "La religione in Africano Spir", A. Del Noce " Osservazioni sul realismo e l'idealismo in A.Spir"; *** "Il dolore nel pesssimismo di A. Spir"; P. Martinetti "Il dualismo di A.Spir"; A. Poggi "Luci ed ombre nella morale di Africano Spir"; G. Solari "Diritto e metafisica nella morale di Africano Spir".
- Joseph Segond, "L'idéalisme des valeurs et la doctrine de Spir" in: Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger, 1912, 8, p. 113–139.
- Samuel Spitzer, Darstellung und Kritik der Moralphilosophie Spir's, Raab, 1896.
Spitzer's dissertation at Würzburg. - Andreas Zacharoff, Spirs theoretische Philosophie dargestellt und erläutert, Weida i. Th., Thomas & Hubert, 1910.
Zacharoff's dissertation at Jena. - Mary-Barbara Zedlin, "Afrikan Alexandrovich Spir", in: Paul Edwards ed., Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 544, New York, Macmillan, 1972.
- Selected works on Nietzsche's relationship to Spir
- Peter Bornedal, The Surface and the Abyss, Nietzsche as Philosopher of Mind and Knowledge, Berlin – New-York, 2010.
- Hélène Claparède-Spir, Evocation: Tolstoi, Nietzsche, Rilke, Spir, Genève, Georg, 1944.
- Hélène Claparède-Spir, "Friedrich Nietzsche und Afrikan Spir", Philosophie und Leben, 1930, 6, p. 242–250.
- Maudemarie Clark & David Dudrick, "Nietzsche's Post-Positivism", European Journal of Philosophy, 2004, 12, p. 369–385.
- Karl-Heinz Dickopp, "Zum Wandel von Nietzsches Seinsverständnis: Afrikan Spir und Gustav Teichmüller", Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung, 1970, 24, p. 50–71.
- Paolo D'Iorio, "La superstition des philosophes critiques: Nietzsche et Afrikan Spir", Nietzsche-Studien, 1993, 22, p. 257–294.
- "La superstizione dei filosofi critici: Nietzsche e Afrikan Spir". Hyper Nietzsche.
- Domenico M. Fazio, "Il Pensiero del Giovane Nietzsche e Afrikan Spir", in: Bollettino di Storia della Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Lecce, 1986/9, 9, p. 243–262.
- Domenico M. Fazio, Nietzsche e il criticismo, Elementi kantiani e neokantiani e critica della dialettica hegeliana nella formazione filosofica del giovane Nietzsche, Urbino, QuattroVenti, 1991.
- Michael Steven Green, Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition, Urbana & Chicago, University of Illinois Press – International Nietzsche Studies Series, 2002.
- Michael Steven Green, "Nietzsche’s Place in Nineteenth Century German Philosophy", Inquiry, 2004, 47, p. 168–188.
Review of Will Dudley, "Hegel, Nietzsche, and Philosophy: Thinking Freedom", Cambridge U. Press 2002. - Michael Steven Green, "Was Afrikan Spir a Phenomenalist (and What Difference Does It Make for Understanding Nietzsche)?, 44 Journal of Nietzsche Studies (forthcoming).
- Nadeem J. Z. Hussain, "Nietzsche's Positivism", European Journal of Philosophy, 2004,12, p. 326–368.
- Sergio Sánchez, "Logica, verità e credenza: alcune considerazioni in merito alla relazione Nietzsche–Spir” in: Maria Cristina Fornari (ed.), La trama del testo: Su alcune letture di Nietzsche, Lecce, Millela, 2000, p. 249–282.
- Sergio Sánchez, "Linguaggio, conoscenza e verità nella filosofía del giovane Nietzsche: I frammenti postumi del 1873 e le loro fonti", Annuario Filosofico, 2000, 16, p. 213–240.
- Sergio Sánchez, El problema del conocimiento en la filosofía del joven Nietzsche, Córdoba (Argentina), 2001
- Karl Schlechta & Anni Anders, Friedrich Nietzsche: Von den verborgenen Anfängen seines Philosophierens,Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, F. Frommann, 1962, p. 119–122, 159–166.
- Robin Small, "Nietzsche, Spir, and Time",Journal of the History of Philosophy, 1994, 32, p. 82–102.
Reprinted in Chapter One of Robin Small, Nietzsche in Context, Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2001.
外部链接
- Claparède-Spir Family Papers at Harvard University Library
- Online version of Spir's Thought and Reality, 2d ed., 1877 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (德文)
- Pensée et Réalité, 1896 (transl. of Thought and Reality) at Bibliothèque nationale de France (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (法文)
- Esquisses de Philosophie critique, 1887, at Bibliothèque nationale de France (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (法文)
- Paroles d'un sage, Paris-Genève, 1937 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (法文)
- American website on Spir (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Article on African Spir (俄文)
- Article on African Spir in a biographic dictionary (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (俄文)
- Kirovohrad Regional Universal Research Library's Website on Spir (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (mostly in Ukrainian)
- Letters of Leo Tolstoy (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (俄文)
- Book of Michael Steven Green, Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (on African Spir-Nietzsche relationship)
- Fazio's article on African Spir-Nietzsche relationship (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (意大利文)
- Article on Foundationalism in Stanford Encyclopedia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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