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一級方程式賽車大獎賽（英語：Formula One Grand Prix）是一項為期三天（通常是周五至週日）舉行的體育賽事。這些通常被稱為“大獎賽”（法語：Grands Prix）的賽事通常在專門修建的賽道上進行，有些情況下也在臨時封閉的普通城市道路上舉行，其中最有名的是在蒙特卡洛舉辦的摩納哥大獎賽。 [1]每場比賽的結果算入積分系統並以此確定兩個年度世界冠軍：世界車手冠軍及世界車隊冠軍。有趣的是，印第安納波利斯500在1950至1960年間屬於世界車手錦標賽中的一站。一場稱為大獎賽的比賽至少應該有300公里（190英里）以上的比賽距離。[2]一級方程式賽程上的每一個大獎賽可以說是皆符合這項規定，除了摩納哥大獎賽——自1968年（英语：1968 Monaco Grand Prix）起的比賽距離始終少於300公里（190英里）。

自1950年起，一级方程式赛车已經在72個賽季、34個國家和76個賽道上舉辦了1067場大獎賽。[3]

At most Formula One race weekends, other events such as races in other Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) series, such as Formula 2 or 3, are held.

大獎賽週末結構

在大獎賽週末的星期五會舉行兩節自由練習，在星期六上午舉行第三節自由練習，下午則舉行排位賽，星期日下午或晚上會舉行正賽。[4]結構在一級方程式的歷史上已經改變了無數次。2021年國際汽聯做出最新一次的改動，在一些大獎賽中加入衝刺賽。[5]在衝刺賽週末的星期五中午會進行第一節自由練習﹙Free Practice 1﹚，下午則進行原本在星期六進行的排位賽﹙Qualifying﹚，排位賽的成績用作決定衝刺賽的發車位置。第二節自由練習﹙Free Practice 2﹚改在星期六中午進行，而新增的衝刺排位賽則在星期六下午至黃昏時候進行，代替了常規的第三節自由練習﹙Free Practice 3﹚。[6]

自由練習

從2006年開始，正賽開始前會舉行三節自由練習（通常縮寫為FP1、FP2和FP3）。[7]第一節自由練習在星期五上午舉行，第二節自由練習在星期五下午舉行，第三節自由練習在星期六上午舉行。[8]自由練習能讓車手適應賽道，讓車隊測試賽車。車隊可以在他們的賽車上測試新零件，可以更改賽車的設定，使賽車變得更快，也可以派出一名測試車手參與自由練習。[9]從2021年開始，所有自由練習的時限縮減至一小時，在此之前，星期五自由練習的時限為90分鐘，星期六自由練習的時限為一小時。[10]在2022年，為了給予更多機會讓非一級方程式車手能夠駕駛一級方程式賽車，規則要求車隊至少在整個賽季內其中兩個大獎賽的星期五自由練習中派出一名測試車手參與自由練習，但如果車隊車手名單中有一名正式車手是首個賽季參加一級方程式賽車，車隊則會被當作達成了新規則要求。[11]

現在規則嚴格禁止私人測試，但允許測試車手代替普通車手參加星期五的第一節自由練習。[12]

傳統上摩納哥大獎賽的第一和第二節自由練習星期四舉行，星期五則作為休息日，但從2022年起，第一和第二節自由練習會在星期五舉行。[13]因為巴林、新加坡和阿布扎比大獎賽在夜間進行，所以這些大獎賽的自由練習都在晚上舉行。[14]

排位賽

奇米·雷克南參加2005年美國大獎賽的排位賽。

在每場大獎賽賽前都會舉行排位賽，以決定正賽開始時的排位順序。在排位賽中造出較快時間的車手會排在較前的位置，時間較慢的車手會排在較後的位置。[15]

以前的排位賽模式

在1996年之前，排位賽分為兩部分，各一小時；第一部分於當地時間星期五（摩納哥則是在星期四）下午13:00至14:00舉行，第二部分於週六下午舉行。每位車手​​在兩節比賽中造出的最快時間定出他們的起跑位置。每位車手在每部分排位賽中最多只能完成12圈。[16]

1996年，國際汽聯對排位賽的模式進行了修改，取消了周五的排位賽，取而代之的是周六下午舉行的一次排位賽。[17]如前所述，每位車手在每部分排位賽中最多只能完成12圈，同時國際汽聯也設立107%規則以淘汰單圈時間較慢的車手。[18]如果一位车手的最快单圈成绩差与杆位时间的107%，那么这位车手便不再被允许参加正赛。在特殊情况下，赛事干事可以允许该车手参加正赛。如果有多于一位的车手未达标，那么他们的正赛排位将由赛事干事决定。[19]這種模式被一直持續使用直至2002賽季結束。

在2003年至2005年，排位賽在周五和周六下午舉行，每位車手只被允許在兩部分的排位賽各完成一個單圈。[20]

在2003年，星期五排位賽的出場順序是根據車手積分榜排名而決定，在車手積分榜上排名第一的車手會是首位出場的車手。星期六排位賽的出場順序由各車手在星期五排位賽造出的時間決定，時間最慢的車手先出場，時間最快的車手最後才會出場。[21]在星期六排位賽開始至正賽開始前不可以加油。星期六排位賽所造出的時間會決定正賽開始時的排位順序。[22]

2004年，星期五的第一部分排位賽被移至星期六舉行。第一部分排位賽出場順序是前一場比賽賽果的相反。起初是連續進行兩部分的排位賽，但後來第一部分排位賽改成在當天較早時候舉行。[23]

2005年初，兩部分的排位賽分別在星期六下午和星期日上午舉行。在這兩部分排位賽所造出的單圈時間決定正賽開始時的排位順序。[24]從2005年歐洲大獎賽開始，星期日上午的排位賽被取消，只在周六下午進行一節排位賽，事實證明它不受車手、車隊和廣播公司的歡迎。出場順序是前一場比賽賽果的相反。[25][26]

現在的排位賽模式

Since 2006年, qualifying takes place on Saturday afternoon in a three-stage "knockout" system. One hour is dedicated to determining the grid order, divided into three periods with short intermissions between them.[27]

Currently, the first qualifying period (Q1) is eighteen minutes long, with all twenty cars competing. At the end of Q1, the five slowest drivers are eliminated from further qualification rounds, and fill positions sixteen to twenty on the grid based on their fastest lap time. Any driver attempting to set a qualifying time when the period ends is permitted to finish his lap, though no new laps may be started once the chequered flag is shown. After a short break, the second period (Q2) (15 minutes long) begins, with fifteen cars on the circuit. At the end of Q2, the five slowest drivers are once again eliminated, filling grid positions eleven to fifteen. Finally, the third qualifying period (Q3) features the ten fastest drivers from the second period. The drivers are issued a new set of soft tyres and have twelve minutes to set a qualifying time, which will determine the top ten positions on the grid. The driver who sets the fastest qualifying time is said to be on pole position, the grid position that offers the best physical position from which to start the race.[27]

Drivers may complete as many laps as they choose within the permitted qualifying session’s time. As of the 2022 season, all drivers are permitted to start the race on the tyre of their choice regardless of their grid position, whereas previously it was required for the drivers starting in the top 10 grid positions to start on the same tyre as the one that they set their fastest lap time with in the second qualifying session.

Generally, a driver will leave the pits and drive around the track in order to get to the start/finish line (the out-lap). Having crossed the line, they will attempt to achieve the quickest time around the circuit that they can in one or more laps (the flying lap or hot lap). This is the lap time which is used in calculating grid position. Finally, the driver will continue back around the track and re-enter the pit lane (the in-lap). However, this is merely strategy, and no teams are obliged by the rules to follow this formula; drivers may elect to set several flying laps before returning to the pits.

For the first two races of the 2016 season, a modified format was used where drivers were eliminated during the sessions rather than just at the end and only eight drivers progressed to the final session. Qualifying reverted to the previous format from the third race of the season onwards.

Qualifying requirements

As of 2020年, ten teams are entered for the Formula One World Championship, each entering two cars for a total of twenty cars.[28] The regulations place a limit of twenty-six entries for the championship.[29] At some periods in the history of Formula One the number of cars entered for each race has exceeded the number permitted, which historically would vary from race to race according to the circuit used; Monaco, for example, for many years allowed only twenty cars to compete because of the restricted space available. The slowest cars excess to the circuit limit would not qualify for the race and would be listed as 'Did Not Qualify' (DNQ) in race results.[30]

Historical pre-qualifying

There had been pre-qualifying sessions in the late 1970s, but during the late 1980s and early 1990s the number of cars attempting to enter each race was as high as thirty-nine for some races. Because of the dangers of having so many cars on the track at the same time, pre-qualifying sessions were re-introduced for the teams with the worst record over the previous twelve months, including any new teams. Usually, only the four fastest cars from this session were then allowed into the qualifying session proper, where thirty cars competed for twenty-six places on the starting grid for the race. The slowest cars from the pre-qualifying session were listed in race results as 'Did Not Pre-Qualify' (DNPQ). Pre-qualifying was discontinued after 1992 when many small teams withdrew from the sport.[30][31]

107% rule

主条目：107% rule

As the number of cars entered in the world championship fell below twenty-six, a situation arose in which any car entered would automatically qualify for the race, no matter how slowly it had been driven. The 107% rule was introduced in 1996年 to prevent completely uncompetitive cars being entered in the championship. If a car's qualifying time was not within 7% of the pole sitter's time, that car would not qualify for the race, unless at the discretion of the race stewards for a situation such as a rain-affected qualifying session. For example, if the pole-sitter's time was one minute and forty seconds, any car eligible for racing had to set a time within one minute and forty-seven seconds.[32]

The 107% rule was removed since the FIA's rules indicated previously that 24 cars could take the start of a Formula One race, and a minimum of twenty cars had to enter a race. In 2003年, the qualifying procedure changed to a single-lap system, rendering the rule inoperable. However, there were concerns about the pace of the new teams in the 2010 season. As the qualifying procedure had been changed since the 2006 season to a three-part knockout system, the rule could now be reintroduced. As such, the 107% rule was reintroduced in the 2011 Formula One season. Currently, cars eliminated in Q1 have to be within 7% of the fastest Q1 time in order to qualify for the race.[27][33]

Since the rule was re-introduced, only twice have cars failed to qualify for a Grand Prix—both times involving Hispania Racing cars and both times occurring at the Australian Grand Prix, namely in 2011 (Vitantonio Liuzzi and Narain Karthikeyan) and 2012 (Karthikeyan and Pedro de la Rosa). At their discretion, stewards may permit a driver who fails to set a qualifying time within the desired 107% span; for example, at the 2018 British Grand Prix, Lance Stroll and Brendon Hartley both failed to set times within 107%, but were permitted to race on the grounds of satisfactory lap times in free practice. After eleven drivers failed to set satisfactory Q1 times at the 2016 Hungarian Grand Prix due to inclement weather, the regulations were amended in 2018 so that wet sessions were not subject to the 107% rule.

Grid penalties

Drivers or cars may be issued penalties against their starting positions, commonly for exceeding component limits, or sporting offences in free practice, qualifying, or a previous race. This can lead to the starting grid being significantly different from the qualifying order.

Sprint

During the 2021 Formula One World Championship, Formula One trialed a "sprint qualifying" system at three Grands Prix—Britain, Italy, and São Paulo—in which the grid for the race on Sunday was determined by a 100 km (62 miles) sprint on Saturday.[34][35] On a race weekend with sprint qualifying, the sessions on Friday instead consist of one practice session and a traditional qualifying session, which is limited to soft tyres and sets the grid of sprint qualifying. Only the winner of the sprint qualifying will be considered to have taken pole position for the main Grand Prix, and they receive a trophy similar to the pole position trophy awarded at other race weekends. The top three finishers in sprint qualifying in 2021 received World Championship points in a 3–2–1 scoring system.[36] Formula One initially planned to extend the use of the format from the three events in 2021 to six events in the 2022 Formula One World Championship.[37] McLaren Racing CEO Zak Brown said these plans could be under threat with teams unable to agree on whether the sports budget cap should be increased (and if so by how much) to cover the cost of extra sprints.[38]

On 3 February 2022, it was reported that Formula One had offered a compromise plan to hold three sprints in 2022 (the same number as held in 2021) to try and ensure the format would not be dropped entirely from the 2022 championship.[39] For 2022 sprint qualifying was renamed purely to sprint. The weekend format remained unchanged from 2021 and is scheduled to be run at the Emilia Romagna, Austrian, and São Paulo Grands Prix with points now awarded to the top eight finishers rather than the top three finishers as was the case in 2021. Unlike the 2021 season, the driver who sets the fastest time in qualifying is credited as the official polesitter, unless penalized, with the winner of the sprint continuing to have the right to start the race from the first place grid spot.[40][41]

Race

Formula One cars wind through the infield section of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway during the race for 2003 United States Grand Prix.
参见：Formula One regulations

The race itself is held on Sunday afternoon, with the exception of night races at Singapore, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia and a day/night race for the season finale in Abu Dhabi. The last race not to take place on a Sunday was the 1985 South African Grand Prix, which took place on a Saturday.

Race start

Thirty minutes prior to race time, the cars take to the track for any number of warm-up laps (formally known as reconnaissance laps), provided they pass through the pit lane and not the grid, after which they assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified.[42] At the hour of the race, a green light signifies the beginning of the relatively slow formation lap during which all cars parade around the course doing a final tyre warmup and system checks.[42] The cars then return to their assigned grid spot for the standing race start. The starting light system, which consists of five pairs of lights mounted above the start/finish line, then lights up each pair at one-second intervals. Once all five pairs are illuminated, after a random length of time (one to nine seconds), the red lights are turned off by the race director, at which point the race starts.[43] The race length is defined as the smallest number of complete laps that exceeds 305 kilometres (the Monaco Grand Prix is the sole exception with a race length of 78 laps / 260.5 km),[44] though occasionally some races are truncated due to special circumstances. The race can not exceed two hours in length—if this interval is reached, the race will be ended at the end of the next full lap—unless the race is halted by a red flag, in which case the total time including the red flag stoppage must not exceed three hours, and the total time excluding the red flag stoppage may not exceed two hours.[45] Although, at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix, the three hour countdown was stopped with force majeure being cited.[46]

Pit stops

参见：Formula One tyres

Each driver is also required to use two different types of dry compound during a dry race, and so must make a mandatory pit stop.[47] Timing pit stops with reference to other cars is crucial—if they are following another car but are unable to pass, the driver may try to stay on the track as long as possible, or pit immediately, as newer tyres are usually faster. Prior to the 2010 season, drivers used to make pit stops for fuel more than once during a race, as the cars on average traveled two kilometres per litre (approximately five miles per gallon). Nowadays this figure is higher, due to changes in engines from 2014, and as a result refuelling has been forbidden during a race since 2010年.[48] If a driver starts the race using intermediate or wet tyres, he is not mandated to make a pit stop.

Podium ceremony

At the end of the race, the first, second and third-placed drivers take their places on a podium, where they stand as the national anthem of the race winner's home country and that of his team is played. Dignitaries from the country hosting the race then present trophies to the drivers and a constructor's trophy to a representative from the winner's team, and the winning drivers spray champagne and are interviewed, often by a former racing driver. The three drivers then go to a media room for a press conference where they answer questions in English and their native languages.

Points system

主条目：List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems

Historical methods

Historically, the races were scored on the basis of a five-place tally: i.e. via an 8–6–4–3–2 scoring system, with the holder of the fastest race lap also receiving a bonus point. In 1961, the scoring was revised to give the winner nine points instead of eight, and the single point awarded for fastest lap was given for sixth place for the first time the previous year. In 1991, the points system was again revised to give the victor 10 points, with all other scorers recording the same 6–4–3–2–1 result. In 2003, the FIA further revised the scoring system to apportion points to the first eight classified finishers (a classified finisher must complete 90% of race distance) on a 10–8–6–5–4–3–2–1 basis.[49]

At certain points between 1950 and 1990, drivers' points for the season would be tallied based on their best results across the World Championship, which varied from 4 to 11 in a season, and during the late 1960s and 1970s points would be tallied based on their best results from each half of the season, which varied from four to seven. This was done in order to equalise the footings of teams which may not have had the wherewithal to compete in all events. With the advent of the Concorde Agreements, this practice has been discontinued, though it did feature prominently in several world championships through the 1970s and 1980s, primarily in 1988 when Alain Prost had 105 points to Ayrton Senna's 94, but due to only the best 11 results counting towards the World Championship, Senna won, with the final points tally being 90–87.

Current system

Position % completed 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Fastest Lap[50]
Points Awarded 75% - 100% 25 18 15 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 1
50% - 75% 19 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 1
25% - 50% 13 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 None 1
2 laps - 25%[a] 6 4 3 2 1 None
<2 laps None

Points are awarded to drivers and teams based on where they finish in a race. The winner receives 25 points, the second-place finisher 18 points, with 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 points for positions 3 through 10, respectively.[51] One additional point is awarded to the driver and team with the fastest lap of the race, if they finish in the top 10 positions.[52] In a dead heat, prizes and points are added together and shared equally for all those drivers who tie. The winner of the annual championship is the driver (or team, for the Constructors' Championship) with the most points. If the number of points is the same, priority is given to the driver with more wins. If that is the same it will be decided on the most second places and so on.[53]

Notes

  1. ^ At least two laps must be completed under green flag conditions

References

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  43. ^ Start of the race. formula1-dictionary.net. [31 January 2015]. 
  44. ^ Race distance. Formula1.com. [31 January 2015]. 
  45. ^ Pre-season Q&A with the FIA's Charlie Whiting. Formula1.com. 12 March 2012 [16 April 2016]. （原始内容存档于15 April 2012）. 
  46. ^ Belgian GP stewards push back time limit for the race after heavy rain delays running at Spa. Formula1. 29 August 2021 [2021-12-07] （英语）. 
  47. ^ Tyres. Formula1.com. [31 January 2015]. 
  48. ^ Refueling. formula1-dictionary.net. [31 January 2015]. 
  49. ^ Dougall, Angus. The Greatest Racing Driver. Balboa Press. 2013. ISBN 9781452510965. 
  50. ^ Only if the driver finish in a point scoring posistiom.
  51. ^ Formula 1 adopts new points system for 2010 season. BBC Sport (BBC). 2 February 2010 [10 May 2014]. 
  52. ^ Bonus point to be awarded for fastest lap in 2019. www.formula1.com. 11 March 2019 [9 March 2020]. 
  53. ^ Points. formula1.com (Formula One World Championship Limited). [10 May 2014]. 

External links

  • Current Formula One Sporting Regulations – 2020. Published by the FIA on 23 November 2020.
  • Current Formula One Technical Regulations – 2020. Published by the FIA on 19 June 2020.
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Unkown_creature_666/沙盒:一級方程式賽車大獎賽&oldid=72980359”