花菁

花菁（英語：Cyanines，或译为青色素、花青、青蓝）是一大类荧光染料^[1]，尽管其名字中带“青”字，但其電磁波譜从紫外（UV）覆盖的近红外（NIR）。

参考文献

^ Kvach, Maksim V.; Ustinov, Alexey V.; Stepanova, Irina A.; Malakhov, Andrei D.; Skorobogatyi, Mikhail V.; Shmanai, Vadim V.; Korshun, Vladimir A. A Convenient Synthesis of Cyanine Dyes: Reagents for the Labeling of Biomolecules. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2008, 2008 (12): 2107–2117 [2022-11-02]. ISSN 1099-0690. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200701190. （原始内容存档于2022-10-28）（英语）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Mujumdar B, Ernst A, Mujumdar SR, Lewis CJ, Waggoner AS. Cyanine dye labeling reagents: Sulfoindocyanine succinimidyl esters. Bioconjugate Chemistry. Mar 1993, 4 (2): 105–111. PMID 7873641. doi:10.1021/bc00020a001.
^ Umezawa K, Matsui A, Nakamura Y, Citterio D, Suzuki K. Bright, color-tunable fluorescent dyes in the Vis/NIR region: establishment of new "tailor-made" multicolor fluorophores based on borondipyrromethene. Chemistry. 2009, 15 (5): 1096–106. PMID 19117043. doi:10.1002/chem.200801906.