荣格原型
荣格原型(英語:Jungian archetypes)是瑞士心理学家卡尔·荣格提出的心理学概念,指代一种普遍的内在观念、思维模式或心理图像,由此展现出人类的集体潜意识。[1]本能是原型在生理学上的对应。在人类不同文化的故事、神话、梦境中都可找到共通的主题或符号,这类共通元素的基础即是原型。原型的例子包括文化中母亲、孩子、诡计者、洪水等意象。[2]
据荣格所言,原型是内在于个体的行为和思维模式,籍由相似的个体环境而作出表达。原型的实现程度影响个体的个性化程度,并塑造其身份认同。[3]例如,当母亲的形象与孩子内心理想化的母亲形象契合时,便可唤醒孩子的内在期望并激发母亲的原型。上述原型被纳入孩子内心的潜意识,合并为一个“母亲情结”,其作为个人潜意识的一个功能单元,类似于原型在集体潜意识中所扮演的角色。[4]
批评者指出,荣格的理论存在着形而上的本质主义问题。他的心理学观点,特别是关于灵魂的部分,被认为缺乏科学的支撑,而他的原型理论则被指责为过于模糊,难以进行系统性的研究。女权主义者指出,荣格的理论过于倾向还原主义,并认为他对男性和女性的观点充满了刻板印象。[5]还有批评认为,荣格的原型只是对社会偏见的诠释和固化。[6]然而,尽管面临这些批评,荣格的原型理论对文学和形而上学产生了深远影响。原型文学批评影响了后世诸多虚构作品[7],而且也有许多追求灵性的人将原型视为普世、跨文化形而上学真理的显现。[8]不过,原型在精神病学领域尚未得到普遍认可。
相关条目
参考文献
- ^ Weiner, Michael O.; Gallo-Silver, Les Paul. The Complete Father: Essential Concepts and Archetypes. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 2018: 5. ISBN 978-1-4766-6830-7.
- ^ Papadopoulos, Renos K. The Handbook of Jungian Psychology: Theory, Practice and Applications. New York: Routledge. 2006: 76, 84, 85. ISBN 1-58391-147-2 (英语).
- ^ Almaas, A. H. The Pearl Beyond Price: Integration of Personality into Being, an Object Relations Approach. Shambhala Publications. 2000-09-05 [2023-07-13]. ISBN 978-0-8348-2499-7. (原始内容存档于2023-06-27) (英语).
- ^ Stevens, Anthony Archetype Revisited: an Updated Natural History of the Self. Toronto, ON.: Inner City Books, 2003. p. 74.
- ^ Reed, Toni. Demon-Lovers and Their Victims in British Fiction. University Press of Kentucky. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8131-9290-1.[页码请求]
- ^ Adam Frank, The Constant Fire: Beyond the Science vs. Religion Debate, 1st edition, 2009
- ^ Andrew Samuels, Jung and the Post-Jungians ISBN 0415059046, Routledge (1986)
- ^ Jung, C.G. (1947/1954/1960), Collected Works vol. 8, The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, pp. 187, 211–216 (¶384, 414–420). "Just as the 'psychic infra-red,' the biological instinctual psyche, gradually passes over into the physiology of the organism and thus merges with its chemical and physical conditions, so the 'psychic ultra-violet,' the archetype, describes a field which exhibits none of the peculiarities of the physiological and yet, in the last analysis, can no longer be regarded as psychic, although it manifests itself psychically."
延伸阅读
- Glinka, Lukasz Andrzej. Aryan Unconscious : Archetype of Discrimination, History & Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge International Science Publishing. 2014. ISBN 978-1-907343-59-9. OCLC 896613668.
- Stevens, Anthony, Chapter 3, Papadopoulos, Renos (编), The Handbook of Jungian Psychology, 2006
- Jung, C. G., Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, Collected Works 7 2, London: Routledge, 19281966 [1917]
- Jung, C. G., The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious, Collected Works 9 (1) 2, Princeton, NJ: Bollingen, 1934–19541981, ISBN 0-691-01833-2