自愿性无子女
自愿性无子女,也称为无子女,指一些人自愿选择不生育子女。
在大多数的社会和人类历史的大部分时间里,不生孩子是一个既困难又不可取的的选择(独身主义者除外)。随着一些可靠的避孕措施被应用以及来自政府而非家庭对老年人提供的帮助,使得一些人仍然会选择无子女,即使他们可能会在某些群体中受到鄙视。
自愿性无子女的原因
这种生活方式的支持者,例如法国《无孩子:不生孩子的40个原因》一书的作者科琳·迈尔(Corinne Maier) ,列举了各种理由来支持他们的观点。 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
个人和社会
- 这种生活方式的支持者认为,他们不应该为自己不想要孩子而进行辩护[3]
- 对于生孩子的不确定或矛盾[9][10]
- 父母们后悔生孩子的证词[1][2][3][5][11]
- 选择不生孩子的人的积极态度和不后悔[12][9][13]
- 认识到为人父母是一种选择[14]
- 生活质量的下降,尽管具体情况因人而异[15]
- 由于没有孩子,生活中的其他可开发性在增加[10]
心理和医学
统计和研究
在《今日心理学》一书中指出,无子女的生活方式在2014年已经成为一种流行[12]。互联网使追求这种生活方式的人们能够相互交流,从而使无子女更加进入大众的眼球。 [24] [25] [26]据统计,在世界范围内,受过高等教育的女性会更多地选择不生育子女。 [4]
亚洲
中国
在中国,生活成本尤其是大城市的住房成本,是人们结婚的严重障碍。 20世纪90年代,中国政府改革高等教育以增加人们的入学机会使得获得大学学位的年轻人显着增加,其中女性略占多数。因此,许多年轻女性现在有了有酬工作并且经济上有保障。根据性别角色的传统观点,无论就业状况如何,女性都应负责家务和育儿。工作场所对女性的歧视是一个十分普遍的现象。例如,雇主可能会对一名有一个孩子的已婚妇女更加持怀疑的态度,担心她可能会再生育一个孩子(因为一胎政策已于 2016 年废除)并休更多的产假。总而言之,支持年轻女性结婚的动力越来越少。此外,由于文化变革,中国千禧一代不像他们的长辈一样那么热衷于结婚。因为这是一个非婚生子女相当罕见的国家,这意味着许多年轻人放弃了生育子女。 [27]
对无子女的社会态度
大多数社会都高度重视成年后的父母身份,因此,那些没有孩子的人有时会被刻板印象定义为是个“个人主义”的人,认为他们逃避社会责任,不太愿意致力于帮助他人。 [28]但是还是有些群体认为不生育子女是有益的,包含躺平主義及反出生主義的支持者。
组织和政治活动
无子女的个人不一定拥有统一的政治或经济哲学,并且大多数著名的无子女组织本质上往往是社会性的。
在流行文化中
- 艾玛·甘农 ( Emma Gannon ) 的小说《橄榄》 (2020) 中包括几个自愿没有孩子的角色。 [29] [30]
- 电视剧《真探》 (2014-19)中的一个角色秉持反自然主义哲学。 [31]
参考
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Saunders, Doug. I really regret it. I really regret having children. The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 2007-09-29 [2019-01-14]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-21).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Saskia Aukema. Hoezo heb jij geen kinderen?. Trouw. 13 November 2016 [30 May 2020]. (原始内容存档于22 September 2021) (荷兰语).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Stegeman, Lotte. Waarom hebben zoveel mensen een kinderwens? [Why do so many people have a desire to have children?]. Quest. 14 May 2020 [30 May 2020]. (原始内容存档于27 May 2020) (荷兰语).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Sebastiaan van de Water. Zijn er nu meer mensen die geen kinderen willen dan vroeger?. Quest. 20 March 2020 [30 May 2020]. (原始内容存档于29 May 2020) (荷兰语).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Tobias Leenaert. Kindvrij vs kinderloos. Mondiaal Nieuws. 2 September 2015 [30 May 2020]. (原始内容存档于1 November 2016) (荷兰语).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Bodin, Maja; Plantin, Lars; Elmerstig, Eva. A wonderful experience or a frightening commitment? An exploration of men's reasons to (not) have children. Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online (ScienceDirect). December 2019, 9: 19–27. PMC 6953767
. PMID 31938736. doi:10.1016/j.rbms.2019.11.002.
- ^ Paola Buonadonna, Vibeke Venema, Megan Lane. The women who choose not to be mothers. BBC News. 29 July 2010 [31 May 2020]. (原始内容存档于7 December 2020).
- ^ Fleming, Amy. Would you give up having children to save the planet? Meet the couples who have. The Guardian. June 20, 2018 [March 25, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-31).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Zacharek, Stephanie. Why I Have Zero Regrets About My Childless Life. Time. January 3, 2019 [March 25, 2021]. (原始内容存档于December 11, 2020).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Culhane, John. For Many Queer Adults, Parenting Still Isn't Part of the Picture. Slate. May 24, 2017 [March 25, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-16).
- ^ Cain, Sian. Why a generation is choosing to be child-free. Books. The Guardian. July 25, 2020 [March 9, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-14).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Patel, Arti. People who don't want kids: 'There's never been a day where I've regretted my decision'. Lifestyle. CBC. December 10, 2017 [March 17, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-13).
- ^ Scott, Kellie. Undecided about having kids? Reading this might help. ABC (Australia). December 16, 2020 [March 25, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-23).
- ^ Miller, Sandra Caine. They Didn't Have Children and, Most Said, They Don't Have Regrets. The New York Times. July 23, 2018 [May 4, 2023]. (原始内容存档于October 14, 2018).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Bloom, Paul. What Becoming a Parent Really Does to Your Happiness. The Atlantic. November 2, 2021 [May 5, 2023]. (原始内容存档于July 19, 2022).
- ^ Motherhood brings the most dramatic brain changes of a woman’s life 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2020-10-11.. Boston Globe. July 17th, 2018.
- ^ Postnatal Depression: Fathers Can Suffer Similar Issues to Women, Say Experts 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2020-10-28.. The Guardian. August 9, 2018.
- ^ Reproduction predicts shorter telomeres and epigenetic age acceleration among young adult women 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2020-09-15.. Nature. July 23, 2018.
- ^ Arie de Graaf. Childlessness and education level. Statistics Netherlands. 24 May 2004 [31 May 2020]. (原始内容存档于12 June 2020) (荷兰语).
- ^ Having children is not the formula for a happy life — Quartz. qz.com. 23 October 2014 [4 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于1 July 2018).
- ^ Cain, Sian. Women are happier without children or a spouse, says happiness expert. The Observer. The Guardian. May 29, 2019 [March 17, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-23).
- ^ Godoy, Maria. Your kids are adorable germ vectors. Here's how often they get your household sick. NPR. January 26, 2023 [April 21, 2023]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-24).
- ^ Wallace, Kelly. Are people without kids happier? Studies offer mixed picture. CNN. December 6, 2016 [May 5, 2023]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-07).
- ^ Tucker, Eleanor. I used to judge childfree women. Family. The Guardian. November 8, 2014 [March 17, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-13).
- ^ Friedman, Danielle. Why Some Women Don't Want Kids, Childless by Choice. The Daily Beast. July 14, 2017 [March 17, 2021]. (原始内容存档于December 16, 2020).
- ^ Bagchi, Shrabonti. Inside India's Anti-Natalist Cult. Live Mint. February 15, 2019 [March 17, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-06).
- ^ Gan, Nectar. Chinese millennials aren't getting married, and the government is worried. CNN. January 30, 2021 [February 1, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-13).
- ^ Keizer, Renske; Dykstra, Pearl A.; Poortman, Anne-Rigt. Childlessness and Norms of Familial Responsibility in the Netherlands. Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 2011, 42 (4): 421–438 [2019-12-12]. doi:10.3138/jcfs.42.4.421. hdl:1765/101421
. (原始内容存档于2020-01-26).
- ^ Hampson, Laura. Emma Gannon on her debut novel, podcasting during a pandemic and starting the internet's coolest book club. Books. The Evening Standard. July 23, 2020 [March 17, 2021]. (原始内容存档于September 2, 2020).
- ^ Emma Gannon: I'm made to feel guilty for not having children. BBC. [March 17, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-16).
- ^ Wolf, Chion. You Didn't Ask To Be Here: Adventures In Antinatalism. WNPR. July 9, 2020 [March 17, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-16).