跳转到内容

東亞人種

维基百科,自由的百科全书

东亚人种,是主要分佈於包括東亞多個國家境內的多個族群的統稱。现代东亚人、东南亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先通過“南路散布”途径南亚进入东南亚大陆,大约在公元前 45,000 年前定居在东亚。截至2020年,東亞地區的总人口为16.77亿,占世界人口的21%。[1]

分佈

人种与民族的含義與範圍各有異同。民族主要基於族群的文化认同,而种族主要基於人类的生物学基础。在历史发展过程中,由於文化融合等因素可以使得民族發生变化,同樣种族由於族群的融合等因素,作为遗传特征會被保留下来,進而成為研究族群遷移及融合的依據。

东亚人种主要分佈於东亚東南亞北亞地区,汉族壯族傣族京族苗族朝鮮民族大和民族阿伊努族白族回族满族蒙古族蒙古語族群尼夫赫人羌族琉球族藏族以及雅库特人都是東亞人。[2][3][4][5][6]东南亚人和西伯利亚人与东亚人关系密切,与美洲原住民有着部分共同的祖先。主要的东亚语系是汉藏语系、日语系、阿伊努语系、蒙古语系、通古斯语系、苗族语系、侗台语系、南岛语系和南亚语系。

历史和遗传起源

东欧亚系统发育:根據目前的推測,东亚人的直接祖先的 ESEA 血统起源于东南亚大陆和中国南部,并向外扩展[7]
来自欧亚人群的古代和现代个体的主成分分析[8]

在智人在世界上定居的过程中,大约在 50,000 年前(50 kya)到达了东亚。 早期的“走出非洲”血统(70 kya)在西南亚某处以大约 50 kya 的距离分化为可识别的东亚和西欧亚血统。 早期的东亚人使用一条穿过印度的南方路线进入东南亚。 这个早期的东亚血统在末次盛冰期进一步分化,从东亚大陆传出,通过白令陆路约 25 kya 对美洲人口做出了重大贡献。 早期東亞人群可能在大约 35,000 年前的中国某个地方已经初步形成。[9][10][11][12][13]

从 Y-DNA 研究来看,东歐亚父系血统似乎在大约 50,000 年前从一个单一来源的人群在亚洲扩展,该人群带有父系遗传C、D 和 K(N、O、P、M 和 S),但這群人同時也是北歐亞人與大洋洲相關人群的祖先。母系(B、F、M7、A、C、D、M等). 他们穿越喜马拉雅山脉,前往东南亚[14]


根據目前流行的假說,一个独特的“基础东亚人口”(称为“东亚和东南亚血统”(简称:“ESEA”);是现代东亚人、東南亞矮黑人、东南亚人、波利尼西亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先), 起源于东南亚大陆(约公元前 45,000 年),并通过多次向南和向北的移民浪潮扩张。 这种“ESEA 血统”也是东南亚 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)狩猎采集者和中国北方发现的天元血统(~40,000BCe)的祖先。“ESEA”血统来自更广泛的“东欧亚”人群,它也是美洲原住民、古印度土著 (“AASI”) 和澳大利亚人 (“AA”) 的祖先。但值得注意的是,东南亚 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)不是現代東南亞人的主要祖先來源,現代東南亞人來自更晚近的東亞人群。[15]

K6 人类遗传祖先常染色體分析,顯示出東亞-東南亞內部遺傳組成更接近,與美洲原住民、安達曼矮黑人、南亞人有較大的差異。[16]

中南大學最近的研究(2019年和2020年)揭示了表征東亞人的獨特基因和DNA譜系。東亞人可以與歐洲人和非洲人區分開來[17][18]

最新的遺傳學研究,認為智人在出非洲後,首先在距今四萬到五萬年前,分化為西歐亞人英语Ancient West Eurasians(West Eurasian)與東歐亞人英语Ancient Eest Eurasians(East Eurasian)兩個人群,東歐亞人之後又在分化成東亞人(East Asian)、大洋洲人群、古印度土著(AASI)、和平文化人群繩紋人等人群。之後東亞人在約距今兩萬年前,又在分化成了北東亞人英语Ancient Northern East Asian(Northern East Asian)與南東亞人(Southern East Asian),北東亞人是新石器黃河農夫、古東北亞人與新西伯利亞人的主要基因來源,而南東亞人是新石器長江農夫與現代東南亞人的主要基因來源。現代中國人是在距今萬年以內,由北東亞人與南東亞人混合而形成的。[19] [20][21][22]

參考文獻

  1. ^ East Asia Countries Total Population. [2020-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-09). 
  2. ^ Vickers, Edward. History Education and National Identity in East Asia. 2010: 125October 21, 2010. ISBN 978-0415948081. 
  3. ^ Demel, Walter; Kowner, Rotem. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Interactions, Nationalism, Gender and Lineage. Brill. 2015: 255April 23, 2015. ISBN 978-9004292925. 
  4. ^ Ivanova R, Astrinidis A, Lepage V; 等. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in the Vietnamese population. Eur. J. Immunogenet. December 1999, 26 (6): 417–22. PMID 10583463.
  5. ^ Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation . (2017). The Genographic Project. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from link.
  6. ^ Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea. Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago. Science Advances. 2017, 3 (2): e1601877February 1, 2017. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. PMC 5287702可免费查阅. PMID 28164156. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. ;
    Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas (施普林格科学+商业媒体). 2018, 155: 19. PMC 5889524可免费查阅. PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. ;
    Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations. Hereditas (施普林格科学+商业媒体). April 6, 2018, 155: 19. PMC 5889524可免费查阅. PMID 29636655. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. ;
    Introducing East Asian Peoples (PDF). International Mission Board. September 10, 2016 [June 11, 2018]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于May 13, 2018). ;
    Sloan, Kathleen; Krimsky, Sheldon. Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture. Columbia University Press. 2011: 156. ISBN 978-0231156967. ;
    Herreria, Carla. Basically Nobody Knows Who Counts As An Asian Person. The Huffington Post. May 17, 2017 [June 11, 2018]. (原始内容存档于May 9, 2018). ;
    Lin, Yu-Cheng; Wang, Mao-Jiun J.; Wang, Eric M. The comparisons of anthropometric characteristics among four peoples in East Asia. Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Applied Ergonomics (Elsevier Ltd.). June 23, 2003, 35 (2): 173–8 [2003]. PMID 15105079. S2CID 6640984. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2004.01.004. ;
    Machery, Edouard; O'Neill, Elizabeth. Current Controversies in Experimental Philosophy (Current Controversies in Philosophy). Routledge. 2014: 6February 28, 2014. ISBN 978-0415519670. ;
    Ludwig, Theodore M. Spiritual Care in Nursing Practice. LWW. 2003: 165. ISBN 978-0781740968. ;
    Shaules, Joseph. Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living有限度免费查阅,超限则需付费订阅. Multilingual Matters. 2007: 43. ISBN 978-1847690173. ;
    Kowner, Rotem; Demel, Walter. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions 1st. Brill Academic Publishing. 2014: 41. ISBN 978-9004285507. ;
    Leach, Mark M. Cultural Diversity and Suicide: Ethnic, Religious, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Perspectives. Routledge. 2006: 127. ISBN 978-0789030184. ;
    Leibo, Steve. East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017. Rowman & Littlefield. 2016: 1. ISBN 978-1475829068. ;
    Steinberg, Shirley R.; Kehler, Michael; Cornish, Lindsay. Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Greenwood. June 17, 2010: 58. ISBN 978-0313350801. ;
    Salkind, Neil J. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology有限度免费查阅,超限则需付费订阅. Sage Publications. 2008: 56. ISBN 978-1412916882. ;
    Minahan, James B. Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2014: xx–xxvi. ISBN 978-1610690171. ;
    Stodolska, Monika. Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Perspectives on Research, Theory, and Practice. Human Kinetics. 2013: 229. ISBN 978-0736094528. ;
    Lim, SK. Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD. ASIAPAC. 2011-11-01: 56. ISBN 978-9812295941. 
  7. ^ Leonardo Vallini, Giulia Marciani, Serena Aneli, Eugenio Bortolini, Stefano Benazzi, Telmo Pievani, Luca Pagani. Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa. academic.oup.com. 2022-04-07 [2023-04-28]. 
  8. ^ Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro. Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations. Communications Biology. 2020-08-25, 3 (1). ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7447786可免费查阅. PMID 32843717. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 (英语). 
  9. ^ Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D. Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans. Nature. 2018-01, 553 (7687) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/nature25173. (原始内容存档于2022-09-28) (英语). 
  10. ^ Yang, Melinda A. A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia. Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2022-01-06, 2 (1) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 2770-5005. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. (原始内容存档于2023-04-16) (英语). 
  11. ^ Adhikari, Kaustubh; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; Quinto-Sánchez, Mirsha; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Camilo Chacón-Duque, Juan; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Lozano, Rodrigo Barquera; Pérez, Gastón Macín; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge. A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation. Nature Communications. 2016-05-19, 7 (1) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4874031可免费查阅. PMID 27193062. doi:10.1038/ncomms11616. (原始内容存档于2022-11-04) (英语). 
  12. ^ Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn. Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021-03-30, 118 (13) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8020671可免费查阅. PMID 33753512. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. (原始内容存档于2023-04-09) (英语). 
  13. ^ Bae, Christopher J.; Douka, Katerina; Petraglia, Michael D. On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives. Science. 2017-12-08, 358 (6368) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.aai9067. (原始内容存档于2023-05-17) (英语). 
  14. ^ Hallast, Pille; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Balanovsky, Oleg; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris. A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes. Human Genetics. 2021-02-01, 140 (2). ISSN 1432-1203. PMC 7864842可免费查阅. PMID 32666166. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9 (英语). 
  15. ^ Yang, Melinda A. A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia. Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2022-01-06, 2 (1) [2023-04-28]. ISSN 2770-5005. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. (原始内容存档于2023-04-16) (英语). 
  16. ^ Changmai, Piya; Pinhasi, Ron; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Stark, Miriam T.; Ikehara-Quebral, Rona Michi; Reich, David; Flegontov, Pavel. Ancient DNA from Protohistoric Period Cambodia indicates that South Asians admixed with local populations as early as 1st–3rd centuries CE. Scientific Reports. 2022-12-29, 12 (1). ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9800559可免费查阅. PMID 36581666. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26799-3 (英语). 
  17. ^ Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA. [2020-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-18). 
  18. ^ Ancient Y chromosomes confirm origin of modern human paternal lineages in Asia rather than Africa. [2020-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-16). 
  19. ^ Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China. 2020-05-14 [2023-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-23) (英语). 
  20. ^ Zhang, Ming; Fu, Qiaomei. Human evolutionary history in Eastern Eurasia using insights from ancient DNA. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 2020-06-01, 62: 78–84. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 32688244. S2CID 220671047. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.009 (英语). 
  21. ^ Vallini, Leonardo; Pagani, Luca. The future of the Eurasian past: highlighting plotholes and pillars of human population movements in the Late Pleistocene. Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 2022, 100 (100): 231–241. ISSN 1827-4765. PMID 36565457. doi:10.4436/JASS.10013. 
  22. ^ Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke. Ancient genomic research - From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past. Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 2022, 100 (100): 193–230. PMID 36576953. doi:10.4436/jass.10017. 

参见

  • 汉民族的起源与形成—体质人类学的新视角
  • 刘海萍,云南蒙古族体质特征与群体遗传学特性研究
  • 埃里克斯·瑞里 (Alex Riley),西藏人如何在「世界屋脊」生存