Pan-pan
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無線電通話呼號PAN-PAN是國際標準緊急訊號,適用於乘坐船隻(包括艇和輪船等)、航空器或其它交通工具時,在通訊中表明遭遇緊急情況[1][2][3],但是程度在通訊時尚未嚴重到會對載具本身或任何人的生命即時造成危險[4]。該訊號表明一種「准緊急事態」,它與「Mayday」(遇難訊號)的不同在於,後者表明的情況更加急迫,在發出訊號時就已可致載具損害或使人死亡[5] 。發出「pan-pan」呼號,意味著通知其它潛在援助者(可能是專門的緊急援助機構或者在附近的其它有人載具)存在緊急情況,而發出「Mayday」則是在呼救所有可以救援的單位立刻停止一切工作,以最快速度前去施救。
PAN-PAN在通訊中擁有僅次於Mayday的優先級。在摩斯電碼中,PAN對應的是緊急訊號XXX(-··--··--··-
,以明確間隔重複若干次),於1927年的國際無線電報華盛頓公約中首次定義[6]。
用法
在通訊中正確的使用pan-pan,發出訊號者首先要重複三次「Pan-pan」,接著表明通訊的對象,或者以「all stations」來呼叫接收到訊號的所有單位,同樣重複三次。之後再表明自己的身份、位置和目前情況,以及若需要援助,還應提供所需援助的形式[1][7][8] 。
語源
與源自法語m'aidez或m'aider(venez m'aider)的「Mayday」一樣,pan-pan亦派生自法語單詞中的panne [pan],意為「故障」。 作為英語單詞,pan-pan中pan的發音則為/pɑːn/或/pæn/[9][10][11]。
英語中,根據PAN衍生出的三詞逆向首字母縮略詞,PAN可以解釋為possible assistance needed(需要潛在援助)或pay attention now(現在請注意)。在海事或航空無線電通訊教程中,這種逆向縮略經常被用來作為教導學員區分「Mayday」與「pan-pan」之間區別的記憶術[12][13][14]。
參見
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Safety and Distress Radiotelephone Procedures. Transport Canada. 28 June 2013 [2021-01-14]. (原始內容存檔於2013-08-05).
- ^ District Eleven Response (dr). Search and Rescue: Calling the Coast Guard. United States Coast Guard. [2021-01-14]. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-18).
- ^ 1st Coast Guard District. Special Notice To Mariners (PDF). United States Coast Guard. 6 September 2001 [2021-01-14]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-10-15).
- ^ RIC-22 — General Radiotelephone Operating Procedures. ic.gc.ca. [2021-01-14]. (原始內容存檔於2011-08-11).
- ^ RIC-22 — General Radiotelephone Operating Procedures. ic.gc.ca. [2021-01-14]. (原始內容存檔於2011-08-11).
- ^ International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927 (PDF). search.itu.int: 87–88. [2021-01-14]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-01-15).
- ^ Transport Canada: "pan pan (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)"
- ^ Air Traffic Organization Policy, Order JO7110.65W (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. [2021-01-16]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-06-07).
- ^ Sara Hopkinson. VHF Afloat. Fernhurst Books Limited. 14 November 2008: 53– [2021-05-19]. ISBN 978-1-912177-41-7. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-09).
The origin of pan pan is from the French "en panne" meaning broken down.
- ^ Popular Electronics. Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. 1974 [2021-05-19]. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-03).
According to regulations, don't have an emergency unless you know the exact meaning of these three terms: Mayday, Pan and Security. They're of French origin and describe the exact degree of distress.
- ^ Angus Stevenson; Maurice Waite. Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition. OUP Oxford. 18 August 2011: 1035– [2021-05-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-960111-0. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-03).
An international radio distress signal, of less urgency than a Mayday signal. Origin 1920s: pan from Fr. panne 'breakdown'.
- ^ Aviation Radio (AVI30316). Part 1 – Aircraft Radio Operation. ausacademy.org. Australian Unmanned Systems Academy (AUSA). [3 May 2021]. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-05).
PAN – As a Three-Letter Acronym (TLA): 「Possible assistance needed」 「Pay attention now」. The TLA is derived from 「pan」 and is used in maritime and aeronautical radio communications courses as a mnemonic to radio and communications operators. Note: it is very important remember the difference between mayday and pan-pan emergency communications.
- ^ Capt. David Moriarty. Practical Human Factors for Pilots. Elsevier Science. 30 December 2014: 168– [2021-05-19]. ISBN 978-0-12-800786-0. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-03).
- ^ Mike Westin; Olle Landsell; Nina Olofsson. Seamanship 2.0: Everything you need to know to get yourself out of trouble at sea. Bloomsbury Publishing. 11 March 2021: 122– [2021-05-19]. ISBN 978-1-4729-7704-5. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-03).