美國舊西部

美國舊西部

約1887年的一個美國西部牛仔
日期	1607–1912 (領土擴張) 1865–1890 (Archetypal Old West Period)
地點	美國（現時） 以下按歷史時序上並吞併/併購/同化的次序排列: 十三殖民地 新瑞典 新尼德蘭 新法蘭西 佛蒙特共和國 法屬路易斯安那 魯珀特地（達科他地區） 大蘇族國 西屬佛羅里達 印第安領地 Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma Cherokee Nation Chickasaw Nation Muscogee Creek Nation 塞米諾爾人 德克薩斯共和國 奧勒岡邦 墨西哥割讓地 加利福尼亞共和國 新墨西哥 蓋茲登 俄屬北美 夏威夷共和國

美國西部拓荒時代（英語：American frontier）是指美國領土擴張時期，美國西部的歷史、地理、居民、文化等多元內涵的呈現。這段時間從17世紀初的英國美洲殖民地時期到1912年建立最後一個美國本土的州亞利桑那州為止。

美國領土地圖

• 
  1789年時的美國領土
• 
  1845–46年時的美國領土
• 
  1884–89年時的美國領土
• 
  1912年時的美國領土

延伸閱讀

國勢研究

• Billington, Ray Allen, and Martin Ridge. Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (5th ed. 2001); 892 pp; textbook with 160 –pp of detailed annotated bibliographies older edition online; also online 2001 abridged edition to borrow
• Billington, Ray Allen. The Far Western frontier, 1830–1860 (1962), Wide-ranging scholarly survey; online free
• Clark, Thomas D. The rampaging frontier: Manners and humors of pioneer days in the South and the Middle West (1939).
• Deverell, William, ed. A Companion to the American West (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2004); 572 pp excerpt and text search
• Hawgood, John A. America's Western Frontiers (1st ed. 1967); 234 pp; textbook covering pre-Columbian era through the mid-twentieth century
• Heard, J. Norman. Handbook of the American Frontier (5 vol Scarecrow Press, 1987–98); Covers 1: The Southeastern Woodlands, 2: The Northeastern Woodlands, 3: The Great Plains, 4: The Far West and vol. 5: Chronology, Bibliography, Index. Compilation of Indian-white contacts & conflicts
• Hine, Robert V., and John Mack Faragher. The American West: A New Interpretive History (Yale University Press, 2000). 576 pp.; textbook
• Josephy, Alvin. The American heritage book of the pioneer spirit (1965)
• Lamar, Howard, ed. The New Encyclopedia of the American West (1998); this is a revised version of Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West ed. by Howard Lamar (1977)
• Michno, F. Gregory. Encyclopedia of Indian wars: Western battles and skirmishes 1850–1890. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 2009. ISBN 978-0878424689. 
• Milner, Clyde, Carol O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds. The Oxford History of the American West (1994) long essays by scholars; online free
• Paxson, Frederic Logan. History of the American frontier, 1763–1893 (1924), an old survey by leading authority; Pulitzer Prize
• Paxson, Frederic Logan. The Last American Frontier (1910) online free
• Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, ed. Settlers of the American West: The Lives of 231 Notable Pioneers, (2015) McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0786497355
• Utley, Robert M. The Story of The West (2003)
• White, Richard. "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (1991), textbook focused on the post-1890 far west

土地政策

• Gates, Paul W. "An overview of American land policy". Agricultural History (1976): 213–29. in JSTOR （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Gates, Paul W. "Homesteading in the High Plains". Agricultural History (1977): 109–33. in JSTOR （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Otto, John Solomon. The Southern Frontiers, 1607–1860: The Agricultural Evolution of the Colonial and Antebellum South (ABC-CLIO, 1989).
• Swierenga, Robert P. "Land Speculation and Its Impact on American Economic Growth and Welfare: A Historiographical Review". Western Historical Quarterly (1977) 8#3 pp: 283–302. in JSTOR （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Unruh, John David. The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860 (1993)
• Van Atta, John R. Securing the West: Politics, Public Lands, and the Fate of the Old Republic, 1785–1850 (2014) xiii + 294 pp. online review （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Wishart, David J. (編). Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press. 2004. ISBN 0803247877. 

歷史學論

• Billington, Ray Allen. America's Frontier Heritage (1984), a favorable analysis of Turner's theories about social sciences and historiography online
• Etulain, Richard W., "Clio's Disciples on the Rio Grande: Western History at the University of New Mexico", New Mexico Historical Review 87 (Summer 2012), 277–98.
• Etulain, Richard W. (編). Writing Western History: Essays On Major Western Historians. U. of Nevada Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0874175172. 
• Hurtado, Albert L., "Bolton and Turner: The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism", Western Historical Quarterly, (Spring 2013) 44#1 pp. 5–20.
• Lewis, David Rich. "Native Americans in the nineteenth-century American West." in A Companion to the American West ed. by William Deverell (2004) pp: 143–161. online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Limerick, Patricia. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (1987), attacks Turner and promotes the New Western History
• Smith, Stacey L. "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction", Journal of the Civil War Era (Dec 2016) 6#4 pp. 566–91. doi:10.1353/cwe.2016.0073 excerpt （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Spackman, S. G. F. "The Frontier and Reform in the United States." Historical Journal 13#2 (1970): 333–39. online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
• Weber, David J. "The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux." The History Teacher, 39#1 (2005), pp. 43–56., online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
• Witschi, Nicolas S. (編). A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West. John Wiley & Sons. 2011. ISBN 978-1444396577. 

圖片集合

• Brégent-Heald Dominique. "Primitive Encounters: Film and Tourism in the North American West", Western Historical Quarterly (2007) 38#1 (Spring, 2007), pp. 47–67 in JSTOR （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Etulain, Richard W. Re-imagining the Modern American West: A Century of Fiction, History, and Art (1996)
• Hausladen, Gary J. Western Places, American Myths: How We Think About The West. U. of Nevada Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0874176629. 
• Hyde, Anne Farrar. An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820–1920 (New York University Press, 1993)
• Mitchell, Lee Clark. Westerns: Making the Man in Fiction and Film. U. of Chicago Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0226532356. 
• Prown, Jules David, Nancy K. Anderson, and William Cronon, eds. Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West (1994)
• Rothman, Hal K. Devil's Bargains: Tourism and the Twentieth-Century American West (University of Kansas Press, 1998)
• Slotkin, Richard. The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800–1890. University of Oklahoma Press. 1998. 
• Slotkin, Richard. Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. 1960. 
• Smith, Henry Nash. Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1950.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
• Tompkins, Jane. West of Everything: The Inner Life of Westerns. Oxford University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0195073058.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
• Wrobel, David M. Global West, American Frontier: Travel, Empire, and Exceptionalism from Manifest Destiny to the Great Depression (University of New Mexico Press, 2013) 312 pp.; evaluates European and American travelers' accounts

一手資料

• Phillips, Ulrich B. Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources. Two volumes. (1909). vol 1 & 2 online
• Still, Bayrd, ed. The West; contemporary records of America's expansion across the continent, 1607-1890 (1961) online
• Watts, Edward, and David Rachels, eds. The First West: Writing from the American Frontier, 1776–1860 (Oxford UP, 2002), 960 pp; primary sources' long excerpts from 59 authors; excerpt （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• California Gold Rush, from PBS （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• 1860s and 1870s from PBS （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• 1880s from PBS （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• "Closing the Frontier", from U California （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

學術文章

• Full text of all articles in Western Historical Quarterly, 1972 to present
• Great Plains Quarterly Table of contents, 1981 to present （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）; 2014 to present online articles （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

參見

• 美國西部