灰鯨科
灰鯨科 化石時期:
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美國的一頭人工飼養的灰鯨 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 哺乳綱 Mammalia |
目: | 偶蹄目 Artiodactyla |
下目: | 鯨下目 Cetacea |
演化支: | 大洋鯨類 Pelagiceti |
演化支: | 新鯨類 Neoceti |
小目: | 鬚鯨小目 Mysticeti |
演化支: | 無齒鬚鯨類 Chaeomysticeti |
演化支: | 露脊鯨形類 Balaenomorpha |
總科: | 鬚鯨總科 Balaenopteroidea |
科: | 灰鯨科 Eschrichtiidae Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951 |
屬 | |
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異名 | |
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灰鯨科(學名:Eschrichtiidae)是鬚鯨小目下的一科,僅包含灰鯨(Eschrichtius robustus)一個現存物種,此外還包括三個化石屬,即分別生存於義大利中新世和上新世的始灰鯨屬(Archaeschrichtius)及擬灰鯨屬(Eschrichtioides)[1],還有生存於上新世北卡羅來納的格雷斯鯨屬(Gricetoides)。[2] 本科及其模式屬的學名是為了紀念丹麥動物學家丹尼爾·埃施里赫特(丹麥文:Daniel Frederik Eschricht)。[3]
分類簡史
18世紀,一些學者[4] 將灰鯨描述為露脊鯨屬的一種,學名為 Balaena gibbosa,本種被描述為"背脊上擁有六個突起的鯨",這顯然是基於 1725 年達德利[5]的筆記:[6]
這種「瘦鯨」是脊鰭鯨的近親,但背上無鰭,其崎嶇的背脊共有六個突起,是一種能提供近乎豐富油脂的鯨種,其骨白色,但不分裂。[7]
Lilljeborg 1861 基於發現於的波羅的海的半化石樣本,第一次將灰鯨描述為一個獨立物種,這個樣本顯然是來自於一個已滅絕的北大西洋種群。然而,Lilljeborg 將它歸類於鬚鯨屬,學名為 Balaenoptera robusta[8]。直到 1864 年約翰·愛德華·格雷發現其肋骨和肩胛骨樣本不同於任何已知的鬚鯨,因此建立了一個新屬, 即灰鯨屬(Eschrichtius)[9]。
參考文獻
腳註
- ^ Bisconti 2008
- ^ Pyenson & Lindberg 2011
- ^ Jones & Swartz 2008
- ^ E.g. Erxleben 1777,第610–611頁; Anderson 1746; Brisson 1762
- ^ Risperidone. Reactions Weekly. 2018-10, 1725 (1): 258–258. ISSN 0114-9954. doi:10.1007/s40278-018-53599-x.
- ^ Barnes & McLeod 1984,第4–5頁
- ^ Dudley 1725,第258頁
- ^ Lilljeborg 1861
- ^ Gray 1864
來源
- Anderson, J. Nachrichten von Island, Grönland und der Strasse Davis. Hamburg: Verlegts Georg Christian Grund, Buckdr. 1746 (德語).
- Barnes, L. G.; McLeod, S. A. The Fossil Record and Phyletic Relationships of Gray Whales. Jones, M. L.; Swartz, S. L.; Leatherwood, S. (編). The Gray Whale: Eschrichtius Robustus. Academic Press. 1984: 3–28. ISBN 9780080923727.
- Bisconti, M. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a new eschrichtiid genus (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Early Pliocene of northern Italy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2008, 153: 161–186. OCLC 438026086. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00374.x. 簡明摘要 (November 2013).
- Bisconti, M.; Varola, A. The oldest eschrichtiid mysticete: and a new morphological diagnosis of Eschrichtiidae (gray whales) (PDF). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 2006, 112 (3): 447–457. 簡明摘要 (November 2013).
- Brisson, M. J. Regnum animale in classes IX. distributum, sive, Synopsis methodica. Lieden: Apud Theodorum Haak. 1762. OCLC 13184910 (拉丁語及法語).
- Bryant, P. J. Dating Remains of Gray Whales from the Eastern North Atlantic. Journal of Mammalogy. 1995, 76 (3): 857–861. JSTOR 1382754. doi:10.2307/1382754.
- Deméré, T.A; Berta, A.; McGowen, M. R. The taxonomic and evolutionary history of fossil and modern balaenopteroid mysticetes (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2005, 12 (1/2): 99–143. doi:10.1007/s10914-005-6944-3.
- Dudley, P. An Essay upon the Natural History of Whales, with a particular Account of the Ambergris found in the Sperma Ceti Whale. In a Letter to the Publisher, from the Honourable Paul Dudley, Esq; F. R. S. Philosophical Transactions. 1725, 33 (387): 256–269. doi:10.1098/rstl.1724.0053.
- Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946. British Museum (Natural History). 1951: 1–810. OCLC 469669291. 簡明摘要 (November 2013).
- Erxleben, J. C. P. Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates, cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis 1: Mammalia. Leipzig: Weygandianis. 1777. OCLC 22224991. OL 23666710M. 簡明摘要 (November 2013) (拉丁語).
- Gray, J. E. Notes on the Whalebone-Whales; with a Synopsis of the Species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 3. 1864, 14 (83): 345–353. doi:10.1080/00222936408681724.
- Jones, M. L.; Swartz, S. L. Gray whale. Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (編). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. 2008: 503–511. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.
- Lilljeborg, W. Öfversigt af de inom Skandinavien (Sverige och Norrige) anträffade Hvalartade Däggdjur (Cetacea). 1861. OCLC 670223335. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.15843 (瑞典語).
- Portis, A. Catalogo descrittivo dei Talassoterii rinvenuti nei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Turin: Ermanno Loescher. 1885. OCLC 9527515. 簡明摘要 (November 2013) (義大利語).
- Pyenson, N. D.; Lindberg, D. R. What Happened to Gray Whales during the Pleistocene? The Ecological Impact of Sea-Level Change on Benthic Feeding Areas in the North Pacific Ocean. PLoS ONE. 2011, 6 (7): e21295. PMC 3130736 . PMID 21754984. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.
- Scammon, C. M. On the cetaceans of the western coast of North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1869, 21: 13–63. JSTOR 4060095.
- Scammon, C. M. The California Gray Whale. The marine mammals of the north-western coast of North America. San Franc.: John H. Carmany and Co. 1874: 20–33.
- Steeman, M. E.; Hebsgaard, M. B.; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Ho, S. Y. W.; Rabosky, D. L.; Nielsen, R.; Rahbek, C.; Glenner, H.; Sørensen, M. V.; Willerslev, E. Radiation of Extant Cetaceans Driven by Restructuring of the Oceans. Systematic Biology. 2009, 58 (6): 573–585. PMC 2777972 . PMID 20525610. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp060.
- Strobel, P. Notizie preliminari su le Balenoptere fossili subappennine del Museo parmense. Bollettino del R. Comitato Geologico d'Italia. 1875, 5 (6): 131–140. 簡明摘要 (November 2013) (義大利語).
- Van Beneden, P. J.; Gervais, P. Ostéographie des cétacés vivants et fossiles, comprenant la description et l'iconographie du squelette et du système dentaire de ces animaux; ainsi que des documents relatifs à leur histoire naturelle. Paris: A. Bertrand. 1868. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.9521. 簡明摘要 (November 2013).
- Weber, M. Die Säugetiere. Jena: G. Fischer. 1904. OCLC 2662569. 簡明摘要 (November 2013) (德語).
- Whitmore, F. C.; Kaltenbach, J. A. Neogene Cetacea of the Lee Creek Phosphate Mine, North Carolina. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication. 2008, 14: 181–269. 簡明摘要 (November 2013).