恐蝦綱

恐蝦綱; 化石時期：寒武紀至泥盆紀中期 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	左上：奇蝦; 右上：歐巴賓海蠍; 左下：厭惡蟲屬; 右下：宣揚爪蟲屬;
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	節肢動物門 Arthropoda
綱：	†恐蝦綱 Dinocaridida; Collins, 1996
下級分類
	宣揚爪蟲科 Kerygmachelidae; 厭惡蟲屬 Pambdelurion; 歐巴賓海蠍科 Opabiniidae; 放射齒目 Radiodonta;
異名
	Dinocarida（非正式拼寫）;

恐蝦綱（學名：Dinocaridida）是節肢動物門下的一個基幹化石類群，舊時也被歸為葉足動物門。此類動物均為海生，於寒武紀時最為繁盛，偶有奧陶紀的記錄^[3]，還有一類名為申德漢斯蝦（Schinderhannes）的成員生活在泥盆紀中早期^[4]。恐蝦綱的學名「Dinocaridida」源自古希臘文「δεινός」（拉丁轉寫：deinos；恐怖的，可怕的）＋「καρίς」（caris；螃蟹，蝦），意指其某些成員為當時最大的捕食者^[1]。

一些文獻有時會將恐蝦類稱作「AOPK 群」^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]，因為牠包含四個基本支系，即以奇蝦（Anomalocaris）為代表的放射齒目，以及歐巴賓海蠍科、厭惡蟲屬和宣揚爪蟲科。牠們的共同特徵是有一對前附肢，並且身上有許多葉片。然而，牠們極有可能是並系的，研究顯示放射齒目、歐巴賓海蠍和其他節肢動物在演化樹上聚為一支，而厭惡蟲和宣揚爪蟲則處在更加基底的位置^[5]^[9]^[10]。

解剖學

放射齒目（左）、宣揚爪蟲（中）和歐巴賓海蠍（右）的眼睛（深藍色和黑色）、大腦（淺藍色）和消化系統（黃色）

分類

恐蝦綱的分類位置尚不明確，可能為節肢動物幹群成員，但有時也被歸入葉足動物門^[11]^[12]。其下基本可分為兩大類群：奇蝦類和歐巴賓海蠍類，據推測這些動物是其所屬時代的頂級掠食者^[13]。

恐蝦綱內部的詳細分類如下：

宣揚爪蟲科 Kerygmachelidae^[14]
- 宣揚爪蟲屬 Kerygmachela^[15]
- 蝠鱝蟲屬 Mobulavermis^[14]
- 猶他王蟲屬 Utahnax^[16]
厭惡蟲屬 Pambdelurion^[17]
全齒蟲屬 Omnidens
歐巴賓蟲科 Opabiniidae^[18]
- 刺吻蟲屬 Mieridduryn
- 歐巴賓海蠍屬 Opabinia
- 肌蟲屬（英語：Myoscolex） Myoscolex
- 猶他黎女蟲屬 Utaurora
胡桃鉗蟲屬 Caryosyntrips
放射齒目 Radiodonta
- 奇蝦亞目 Anomalocarida
  - 似奇蝦屬 Paranomalocaris
  - 開拓蝦屬 Innovatiocaris
  - 奇蝦科 Anomalocarididae
    - 奇蝦屬 Anomalocaris
    - 光滑蝦屬 Lenisicaris
    - 舒氏蝦屬 Shucaris^[19]
  - 抱怪蟲科 Amplectobeluidae
    - 抱怪蟲屬 Amplectobelua
    - 刃刺蝦屬 Laminacaris
    - 關山蝦屬 Guanshancaris
    - 里拉蟲屬 Lyrarapax
    - 蘭氏蝦屬 Ramskoeldia
  - 篩蝦科 Tamisiocarididae
    - 篩蝦屬 Tamisiocaris
    - 針鼴蝦屬 Echidnacaris
    - 侯氏蝦屬 Houcaris
- 赫德蝦亞目 Hurdiida
  - 赫德蝦科 Hurdiidae
    - 海神盔蝦屬 Aegirocassis
    - 赫德蝦屬 Hurdia
    - 小熊蝦屬 Ursulinacaris
    - 皮托蟲屬（英語：Peytoia） Peytoia
    - 斯坦利蝦屬 Stanleycaris
    - 申德漢斯蝦屬（英語：Schinderhannes bartelsi） Schinderhannes
    - 寒武耙蝦屬 Cambroraster
    - 帕凡特蝦屬 Pahvantia
    - 鄭和蝦屬 Zhenghecaris^[20]

分佈

該群分佈廣泛，在加拿大、美國、格陵蘭、中國、澳大利亞和俄羅斯的寒武紀地層以及摩洛哥的奧陶紀和德國的泥盆紀均有發現。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Collins, D. The "Evolution" of Anomalocaris and Its Classification in the Arthropod Class Dinocarida (nov.) and Order Radiodonta (nov.). Journal of Paleontology（英語：Journal of Paleontology）. 1996, 70 (2): 280–293. JSTOR 1306391. doi:10.1017/S0022336000023362.
^ Hou, Xianguang; Bergström, Jan; Jie, Yang. Distinguishing anomalocaridids from arthropods and priapulids. Geological Journal（英語：Geological Journal）. 2006, 41 (3–4): 259–269. doi:10.1002/gj.1050.
^ Van Roy, P.; Briggs, D.E.G. A giant Ordovician anomalocaridid. Nature. 2011, 473 (7348): 510–513. doi:10.1038/nature09920.
^ Kühl, G.; Briggs, D.E.G.; Rust, J. A Great-Appendage Arthropod with a Radial Mouth from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. Science. 2009, 323 (5915): 771–773. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..771K. PMID 19197061. S2CID 47555807. doi:10.1126/science.1166586.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Budd, Graham E. The morphology and phylogenetic significance of Kerygmachela kierkegaardi Budd (Buen Formation, Lower Cambrian, N Greenland). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 1998, 89 (4): 249–290. ISSN 1473-7116. doi:10.1017/S0263593300002418.
^ Liu, Jianni; Shu, Degan; Han, Jian & Zhang, Zhifei. A rare lobopod with well-preserved eyes from Chengjiang Lagerstätte and its implications for origin of arthropods. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2004, 49 (10): 1063–1071. Bibcode:2004ChSBu..49.1063L. doi:10.1007/BF03184038.
^ Liu, Jianni; Shu, Degan; Han, Jian; Zhang, Zhifei; Zhang, Xingliang. Morpho-anatomy of the lobopod Magadictyon cf. haikouensis from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte, South China. Acta Zoologica（英語：Acta Zoologica）. 2007, 89 (2): 279–288. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00281.x.
^ Liu, Jianni; Dunlop, Jason A.; Steiner, Michael; Shu, Degan. A Cambrian fossil from the Chengjiang fauna sharing characteristics with gilled lobopodians, opabiniids and radiodonts. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2022-07-22, 10. ISSN 2296-6463. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.861934.
^ Ortega‐Hernández, Javier. Making sense of 'lower' and 'upper' stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848. Biological Reviews. 2016, 91 (1): 255–273. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 25528950. S2CID 7751936. doi:10.1111/brv.12168.
^ Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Janssen, Ralf; Budd, Graham E. Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head – A palaeobiological and developmental perspective. Arthropod Structure & Development. Evolution of Segmentation. 2017, 46 (3): 354–379. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 27989966. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.011.
^ Budd, G.E. The morphology of Opabinia regalis and the reconstruction of the arthropod stem-group. Lethaia（英語：Lethaia）. 1996, 29: 1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01831.x.
^ Snodgrass, R.E. Evolution of the Annelida, Onychophora, and Arthropoda. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections（英語：Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series）. 1938, 97 (6): 1–159. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-13）.
^ Liu, Jianni. Earth' s First Diverse Marine Predators Produced Killer Babies. ScitechDaily. 2018-06-03. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-13）.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 McCall, Christian R.A. A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada. Journal of Paleontology. 2023-12-13. ISSN 0022-3360. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.63 （英語）.
^ Budd, Graham E. The morphology and phylogenetic significance ofKerygmachela kierkegaardiBudd (Buen Formation, Lower Cambrian, N Greenland). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences. 1998, 89 (4). ISSN 0263-5933. doi:10.1017/s0263593300002418.
^ Lerosey‐Aubril, Rudy; Ortega‐Hernández, Javier. A new lobopodian from the middle Cambrian of Utah: did swimming body flaps convergently evolve in stem‐group arthropods?. Papers in Palaeontology. 2022-05, 8 (3). ISSN 2056-2799. doi:10.1002/spp2.1450.
^ Budd, G. E. Stem group arthropods from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna of North Greenland. Arthropod Relationships. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 1998: 125–138. ISBN 978-94-010-6057-8.
^ II.—Cambrian Geology and Palæontology. No. 6: Middle Cambrian Beanchiopoda, Malacostraca, Trilobita, and Merostomata. By C. D. Walcott. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. lvii, No. 6 (publication 2051), 1912.. Geological Magazine. 1912-08, 9 (8). ISSN 0016-7568. doi:10.1017/s0016756800115006.
^ Wu, Yu; Pates, Stephen; Liu, Cong; Zhang, Mingjing; Lin, Weiliang; Ma, Jiaxin; Wu, Yuheng; Chai, Shu; Zhang, Xingliang; Fu, Dongjing. A new radiodont from the lower Cambrian (Series 2 Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte, South China informs the evolution of feeding structures in radiodonts. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2024-12-31, 22 (1) [2024-07-19]. ISSN 1477-2019. doi:10.1080/14772019.2024.2364887. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-17）（英語）.
^ Briggs, Derek E. G.; Fortey, Richard A. The Early Cambrian Radiation of Arthropods. Topics in Geobiology. Boston, MA: Springer US. 1992: 335–373. ISBN 978-1-4899-2429-2.

外部連結

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：恐蝦綱
維基物種上的相關資訊：恐蝦綱

[Collins,_1996-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Collins, D. The "Evolution" of Anomalocaris and Its Classification in the Arthropod Class Dinocarida (nov.) and Order Radiodonta (nov.). Journal of Paleontology（英語：Journal of Paleontology）. 1996, 70 (2): 280–293. JSTOR 1306391. doi:10.1017/S0022336000023362.

[Hou_et_al,_2006-2] Hou, Xianguang; Bergström, Jan; Jie, Yang. Distinguishing anomalocaridids from arthropods and priapulids. Geological Journal（英語：Geological Journal）. 2006, 41 (3–4): 259–269. doi:10.1002/gj.1050.

[Van_Roy,_2011-3] Van Roy, P.; Briggs, D.E.G. A giant Ordovician anomalocaridid. Nature. 2011, 473 (7348): 510–513. doi:10.1038/nature09920.

[Kühl,_2009-4] Kühl, G.; Briggs, D.E.G.; Rust, J. A Great-Appendage Arthropod with a Radial Mouth from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. Science. 2009, 323 (5915): 771–773. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..771K. PMID 19197061. S2CID 47555807. doi:10.1126/science.1166586.

[Budd,_1998-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Budd, Graham E. The morphology and phylogenetic significance of Kerygmachela kierkegaardi Budd (Buen Formation, Lower Cambrian, N Greenland). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 1998, 89 (4): 249–290. ISSN 1473-7116. doi:10.1017/S0263593300002418.

[Liu_et_al,_2004-6] Liu, Jianni; Shu, Degan; Han, Jian & Zhang, Zhifei. A rare lobopod with well-preserved eyes from Chengjiang Lagerstätte and its implications for origin of arthropods. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2004, 49 (10): 1063–1071. Bibcode:2004ChSBu..49.1063L. doi:10.1007/BF03184038.

[Liu_et_al,_2007-7] Liu, Jianni; Shu, Degan; Han, Jian; Zhang, Zhifei; Zhang, Xingliang. Morpho-anatomy of the lobopod Magadictyon cf. haikouensis from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte, South China. Acta Zoologica（英語：Acta Zoologica）. 2007, 89 (2): 279–288. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00281.x.

[8] Liu, Jianni; Dunlop, Jason A.; Steiner, Michael; Shu, Degan. A Cambrian fossil from the Chengjiang fauna sharing characteristics with gilled lobopodians, opabiniids and radiodonts. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2022-07-22, 10. ISSN 2296-6463. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.861934.

[Ortega‐Hernández,_2016-9] Ortega‐Hernández, Javier. Making sense of 'lower' and 'upper' stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848. Biological Reviews. 2016, 91 (1): 255–273. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 25528950. S2CID 7751936. doi:10.1111/brv.12168.

[Ortega‐Hernández_et_al,_2017-10] Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Janssen, Ralf; Budd, Graham E. Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head – A palaeobiological and developmental perspective. Arthropod Structure & Development. Evolution of Segmentation. 2017, 46 (3): 354–379. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 27989966. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.011.

[11] Budd, G.E. The morphology of Opabinia regalis and the reconstruction of the arthropod stem-group. Lethaia（英語：Lethaia）. 1996, 29: 1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01831.x.

[12] Snodgrass, R.E. Evolution of the Annelida, Onychophora, and Arthropoda. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections（英語：Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series）. 1938, 97 (6): 1–159. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-13）.

[13] Liu, Jianni. Earth' s First Diverse Marine Predators Produced Killer Babies. ScitechDaily. 2018-06-03. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-13）.

[:0-14] 14.0 ^14.1 McCall, Christian R.A. A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada. Journal of Paleontology. 2023-12-13. ISSN 0022-3360. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.63 （英語）.

[15] Budd, Graham E. The morphology and phylogenetic significance ofKerygmachela kierkegaardiBudd (Buen Formation, Lower Cambrian, N Greenland). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences. 1998, 89 (4). ISSN 0263-5933. doi:10.1017/s0263593300002418.

[16] Lerosey‐Aubril, Rudy; Ortega‐Hernández, Javier. A new lobopodian from the middle Cambrian of Utah: did swimming body flaps convergently evolve in stem‐group arthropods?. Papers in Palaeontology. 2022-05, 8 (3). ISSN 2056-2799. doi:10.1002/spp2.1450.

[17] Budd, G. E. Stem group arthropods from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna of North Greenland. Arthropod Relationships. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 1998: 125–138. ISBN 978-94-010-6057-8.

[18] II.—Cambrian Geology and Palæontology. No. 6: Middle Cambrian Beanchiopoda, Malacostraca, Trilobita, and Merostomata. By C. D. Walcott. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. lvii, No. 6 (publication 2051), 1912.. Geological Magazine. 1912-08, 9 (8). ISSN 0016-7568. doi:10.1017/s0016756800115006.

[19] Wu, Yu; Pates, Stephen; Liu, Cong; Zhang, Mingjing; Lin, Weiliang; Ma, Jiaxin; Wu, Yuheng; Chai, Shu; Zhang, Xingliang; Fu, Dongjing. A new radiodont from the lower Cambrian (Series 2 Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte, South China informs the evolution of feeding structures in radiodonts. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2024-12-31, 22 (1) [2024-07-19]. ISSN 1477-2019. doi:10.1080/14772019.2024.2364887. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-17）（英語）.

[20] Briggs, Derek E. G.; Fortey, Richard A. The Early Cambrian Radiation of Arthropods. Topics in Geobiology. Boston, MA: Springer US. 1992: 335–373. ISBN 978-1-4899-2429-2.

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