奧皮杜姆

**奧皮杜姆**
	Oppidum
地點	法國、德國、義大利、不列顛、西班牙、葡萄牙、奧地利、比利時、捷克、瑞士、斯洛伐克、塞爾維亞、匈牙利
歷史
文化	凱爾特文化、拉坦諾文化、古羅馬文化

奧皮杜姆（拉丁語：oppidum，複數oppida）是鐵器時代的一種大型設防定居點。奧皮杜姆與晚期拉坦諾文化有關，該文化興起於公元前2世紀和1世紀，遍布歐洲，西起不列顛和伊比利亞，東至匈牙利平原邊緣^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]。這些定居點一直沿用到羅馬人征服南歐和西歐。許多定居點後來成為羅馬時代的城鎮和城市，而另一些則被遺棄^[6]^[7]^[8]。在多瑙河和萊茵河以北的地區，如日耳曼尼亞的大部分地區，人們仍然獨立於羅馬之外，奧皮杜姆一直沿用到公元1世紀。

參考文獻

^ Oppidum. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. [2023-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-17）. Oppidum: The term used by Julius Caesar to describe fortified tribal centres encountered by him in Gaul in 58–51 bc which did not merit categorization as cities (urbes). In archaeological usage it is applied more generally to fortified sites and large permanent settlements of the late pre‐Roman Iron Age in Europe. These served as centres for administration, trade, craft production, and religion.
^ Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (編). A Dictionary of Archaeology. Blackwell Publishing. 1999: 448. ISBN 0631174230. Oppidum (pl. oppida; Latin: 『defended administrative centre or town』): During the later La Tene period in Gaul, from the 2nd century BC, there developed a series of large regional centres, some of which Julius Caesar in his reports of campaigns in the region, referred to as 『oppida』 – a label that has stuck. Many of these oppida were defended, but unlike earlier hillforts of the 2nd and early 1st millennium BC, most seem to have been permanently and densely occupied. The more complex examples seem to have acted as tribal capitals, trade and distribution centres, and are often located near significant trade routes.
^ Bahn, Paul (編). Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO. 1993: 369. ISBN 0874367441. Oppidum: A term used by Caesar to denote the fortified native towns he encountered in his campaigns in Gaul in 58-51 BC, now by extension used for all fortified Celtic towns; they are distinguished from hillforts by their combination of residential, industrial, market and administrative functions.
^ Collis, John. The first towns. Green, Miranda (編). The Celtic World. Routledge. 1995: 159–173 [2023-10-13]. ISBN 9781135632434. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-19）. By the time Caesar reached Gaul, the predecessors of Roman and modern towns were already in existence as administrative and trading centres ... Over a broad zone, Portugal, central Spain, southern Britain, France, southern and central Germany, the Alpine zone, Hungary and Czechoslovakia major settlements, often labelled by ancient authors and modern archaeologists alike as 『oppida』, had come into existence.
^ Fichtl, Stephan. Urbanization and Oppida. Haslegrove, Colin; Rebay-Salisbury, Katharina; Wells, Peter (編). The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age. March 2018 [2023-10-13]. ISBN 978-0-19-969682-6. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696826.013.13. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-31）. The first examples of urbanization in Celtic Europe were the princely residences of the early Iron Age (Hallstatt culture), but it was not until the late third century BC that urban centres began to flourish across Europe. The first were open settlements, followed by fortified oppida. Characterized by very large surface areas (up to hundreds of hectares) and defended by ramparts with strong symbolic and ostentatious connotations, oppida are widely considered the first cities north of the Alps. ... These fortified sites appeared more or less simultaneously in Europe, from the Atlantic to central Europe. By the last third of the second century BC, this wide area was covered with large-scale fortified sites.
^ Collis, John. The first towns. Green, Miranda (編). The Celtic World. Routledge. 1995: 159–173 [2023-10-13]. ISBN 9781135632434. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-18）. By the time Caesar reached Gaul, the predecessors of Roman and modern towns were already in existence as administrative and trading centres – Vesontio (Besancon), Durocororum (Reims), Lutetia (Paris), Avaricum (Bourges) and others. ... many major settlements were already well established by the time of the Roman conquest.
^ Fernández-Götz, Manuel. A World of 200 Oppida: Pre-Roman Urbanism in Temperate Europe Oppida. de Ligt, Luuk; Bintliff, John (編). Regional Urban Systems in the Roman World, 150 BCE – 250 CE. Brill. December 2019: 35–66 [2023-10-13]. ISBN 978-90-04-41436-5. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-09）. Oppida, particularly in Gaul, continued to exist during the Roman period and sometimes even in medieval and later times (e.g. Vesontio→Besançon, Avaricum→Bourges, Durocortorum →Reims).
^ Collis, John. Oppida. Bogucki, Peter; Crabtree, Pam (編). Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C.-A.D. 1000. Gale. 2004: 157. ISBN 0-684-80668-1. The oppida of Britain date to the late first century B.C. and early first century A.D. ... Several developed into major Roman towns.

[1] Oppidum. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. [2023-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-17）. Oppidum: The term used by Julius Caesar to describe fortified tribal centres encountered by him in Gaul in 58–51 bc which did not merit categorization as cities (urbes). In archaeological usage it is applied more generally to fortified sites and large permanent settlements of the late pre‐Roman Iron Age in Europe. These served as centres for administration, trade, craft production, and religion.

[2] Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (編). A Dictionary of Archaeology. Blackwell Publishing. 1999: 448. ISBN 0631174230. Oppidum (pl. oppida; Latin: 『defended administrative centre or town』): During the later La Tene period in Gaul, from the 2nd century BC, there developed a series of large regional centres, some of which Julius Caesar in his reports of campaigns in the region, referred to as 『oppida』 – a label that has stuck. Many of these oppida were defended, but unlike earlier hillforts of the 2nd and early 1st millennium BC, most seem to have been permanently and densely occupied. The more complex examples seem to have acted as tribal capitals, trade and distribution centres, and are often located near significant trade routes.

[3] Bahn, Paul (編). Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO. 1993: 369. ISBN 0874367441. Oppidum: A term used by Caesar to denote the fortified native towns he encountered in his campaigns in Gaul in 58-51 BC, now by extension used for all fortified Celtic towns; they are distinguished from hillforts by their combination of residential, industrial, market and administrative functions.

[4] Collis, John. The first towns. Green, Miranda (編). The Celtic World. Routledge. 1995: 159–173 [2023-10-13]. ISBN 9781135632434. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-19）. By the time Caesar reached Gaul, the predecessors of Roman and modern towns were already in existence as administrative and trading centres ... Over a broad zone, Portugal, central Spain, southern Britain, France, southern and central Germany, the Alpine zone, Hungary and Czechoslovakia major settlements, often labelled by ancient authors and modern archaeologists alike as 『oppida』, had come into existence.

[5] Fichtl, Stephan. Urbanization and Oppida. Haslegrove, Colin; Rebay-Salisbury, Katharina; Wells, Peter (編). The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age. March 2018 [2023-10-13]. ISBN 978-0-19-969682-6. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696826.013.13. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-31）. The first examples of urbanization in Celtic Europe were the princely residences of the early Iron Age (Hallstatt culture), but it was not until the late third century BC that urban centres began to flourish across Europe. The first were open settlements, followed by fortified oppida. Characterized by very large surface areas (up to hundreds of hectares) and defended by ramparts with strong symbolic and ostentatious connotations, oppida are widely considered the first cities north of the Alps. ... These fortified sites appeared more or less simultaneously in Europe, from the Atlantic to central Europe. By the last third of the second century BC, this wide area was covered with large-scale fortified sites.

[6] Collis, John. The first towns. Green, Miranda (編). The Celtic World. Routledge. 1995: 159–173 [2023-10-13]. ISBN 9781135632434. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-18）. By the time Caesar reached Gaul, the predecessors of Roman and modern towns were already in existence as administrative and trading centres – Vesontio (Besancon), Durocororum (Reims), Lutetia (Paris), Avaricum (Bourges) and others. ... many major settlements were already well established by the time of the Roman conquest.

[7] Fernández-Götz, Manuel. A World of 200 Oppida: Pre-Roman Urbanism in Temperate Europe Oppida. de Ligt, Luuk; Bintliff, John (編). Regional Urban Systems in the Roman World, 150 BCE – 250 CE. Brill. December 2019: 35–66 [2023-10-13]. ISBN 978-90-04-41436-5. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-09）. Oppida, particularly in Gaul, continued to exist during the Roman period and sometimes even in medieval and later times (e.g. Vesontio→Besançon, Avaricum→Bourges, Durocortorum →Reims).

[8] Collis, John. Oppida. Bogucki, Peter; Crabtree, Pam (編). Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C.-A.D. 1000. Gale. 2004: 157. ISBN 0-684-80668-1. The oppida of Britain date to the late first century B.C. and early first century A.D. ... Several developed into major Roman towns.

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