滑音管吉他
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fingandslide.jpg/250px-Fingandslide.jpg)
滑音管吉他(英语:Slide guitar)又译作幻灯片吉他或滑音棒吉他,是一种特定的吉他弹奏技术,此种技术通常出现在蓝调歌曲的音乐中,乡村音乐、乡村摇滚和摇滚乐的吉他手有时也会弹奏演出,因为弹奏时的滑音效果加上清楚的颤音,让歌曲在伴奏进行时,及前奏、间奏及尾奏的独奏音色富有浓厚的音乐情感。一般的滑音管(或称为滑音棒)是金属管或者玻璃管,类似瓶子的瓶颈,穿套在无名指或其他的一只手指,在吉他指板的音格上滑动,产生和弦高低音快速变换的效果,另一手拿着Pick或戴着指弹拨片弹奏出旋律和节奏,吉他指板上每个音格有如幻灯片在更替,历史术语称为“幻灯片吉他”或“滑音管吉他”。
起源
从某些类型的幻灯片创作音乐可以追溯到非洲文化中原始的弦乐器,以及夏威夷钢棒吉他的起源。二十世纪初期或更早,在密西西比河三角洲的蓝调吉他手/歌手等音乐家,普遍的运用“滑音管吉他”风格,称为三角洲蓝调,被认为是最早期的蓝调,而其中最为知名的音乐家,是艾瑞克·克莱普顿特别推崇的三角洲蓝调之王罗伯·强生。幻灯片吉他第一位录制成唱片是在1923年由西尔维斯特·韦弗所录制。自从20世纪30年代,表演者就包括罗伯特·李·麦科勒姆,厄尔·胡克,麦金利·摩根菲尔德,和有幻灯片吉他王的埃尔莫尔·詹姆斯,他在罗伯·强生去世的前一年,被罗伯·强生的“幻灯片吉他”音乐所感动而向他学习。而在电子蓝调流派中推广“幻灯片吉他”,并影响后来的幻灯片吉他手,包括有滚石乐团、欧曼兄弟乐团的主音吉他手杜安·奥尔曼和莱・库德。另外“幻灯片吉他手”的先驱还包括奥斯卡“好友”伍兹,“黑色王牌”特纳和弗雷迪·轮盘。
历史
将硬物用于弹拨琴弦的技术可以追溯到由单弦的非洲乐器演奏而来的“ diddley bow ”。“diddley bow”被认为是瓶颈风格的祖先之一。[1]当欧洲的水手在19世纪后期将西班牙吉他引入夏威夷时,夏威夷人将标准调音中的一些弦放松以形成和弦 - 这被称为“松弛键”吉他,今天被称为一个开放的调整。[2] 借助“松弛键”,夏威夷人发现通过沿指板移动一块金属片并开始在整圈上演奏乐器,可以轻松演奏三首和弦乐曲。在十九世纪末期,一位名叫约瑟夫·凯库库的夏威夷人变得精通这种方式,用钢筋抵抗吉他弦。酒吧被称为“钢铁”,并且是“钢棒吉他”这个名字的来源。凯库库普及了这种方法,一些消息来源声称他发起了这项技术。[3]他搬到了美国本土,成为一名杂耍表演者,后来在欧洲演出了好几年。[4]在二十世纪上半叶,这种所谓的“夏威夷吉他”风格传播到美国。[5]Sol Ho'opi'i是一位具有影响力的夏威夷吉他手,他于1919年17岁时从夏威夷来到美国本土,作为一艘船驶往旧金山。Hoopii的演奏在20年代后期变得流行,他录制了“Hula Blues”和“Farewell Blues”等歌曲。根据作者Pete Madsen的说法,Hoopii的演奏会影响来自密西西比州农村的一群玩家。[6]
大多数蓝调幻灯片演奏者都来自美国南部,尤其是密西西比河三角洲,他们的音乐很可能来自非洲裔,他们的音乐流传至非洲裔美国人。[7]最早的三角洲蓝调音乐家主要是独唱歌手吉他手。[8]W.C.Handy在1903年第一次听到幻灯片吉他时说过,当时蓝调演奏者在当地的火车站演出:“当他弹奏时,他用夏威夷吉他手普及的方式在吉他琴弦上按下了一把小刀谁使用钢筋,效果令人难忘。”[9]蓝调历史学家盖拉尔·赫兹霍夫指出,坦帕红是本世纪初受夏威夷吉他手启发的第一批黑人音乐家之一,他设法使他们的声音适应蓝调。[10]例如,坦帕红、科科莫·阿诺德、凯西·比尔·韦尔登和奥斯卡伍兹采用了夏威夷模式,用幻灯片播放更长的旋律,而不是像以前那样播放短暂的和弦。[11]
在二十世纪初,吉他演奏分为两股:瓶颈式,用传统的西班牙吉他演奏,平放在身体上; 并采用专门设计或修改的乐器在演奏者的大腿上演奏。[12]瓶颈风格通常与蓝调音乐相关联,并被非洲裔美国蓝调艺术家普及。[12]密西西比河三角洲是罗伯·强生,Son House,查理·巴顿和其他蓝调先驱的家。[13]第一个已知的瓶颈风格的记录是在1923年由西尔维斯特·韦弗他录制了两首乐器“吉他蓝调”和“吉他杂音”。[14][15]最突出地使用幻灯片的一些蓝调艺术家包括罗伯·强生, Charley Patton, Son House, Bukka White, Mississippi Fred McDowell, Kokomo Arnold, Furry Lewis, Big Joe Williams, Tampa Red and Casey Bill Weldon。[16]
参考资料
- ^ Tracy & Evans 1999,第65页.
- ^ Ross, Michael. Pedal to the Metal: A Short History of the Pedal Steel Guitar. premierguitar.com. February 17, 2015 [October 5, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08).
- ^ Ruymar, Lorene. The History of the Hawaiian Steel Guitar. hgsa.com. Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association. [October 12, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-16).
- ^ Polynesian Cultural Center Unveils Statue of Joseph Kekuku, Inventor of the Hawaiian Steel Guitar. polynesia.com. [October 28, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-20).
- ^ Ruymar 1996,第48页.
- ^ Masden 2005,第6页.
- ^ Kopp, Ed. A Brief History of the Blues. allaboutjazz.com. August 16, 2005 [October 19, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-18).
- ^ Morrison, Nick. Mississippi Delta Blues: American Cornerstone. npr.org. July 13, 2009 [October 30, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-11).
- ^ W.C. Handy Encounters the Blues. msbluestrail.org. [October 10, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-21).
- ^ Herzhaft 1992,第334页.
- ^ Moore 2003,eBook.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Volk 2003,第9页.
- ^ Sokolow 1996,第3页.
- ^ Russell 1997,第12页.
- ^ Fetherhoff 2014,eBook.
- ^ Erlewine 1996,第372页.
参考
- Aldin, Mary Katherine. Robert Lee McCoy: The Bluebird Recordings 1937–1938 (CD booklet). Robert Lee McCoy. New York City: RCA Records. 1997. OCLC 38226223. 07863 67416-2.
- Batey, Rick. The American Blues Guitar: An Illustrated History 1st. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard. 2003 [November 20, 2017]. ISBN 0-634-02759-X.
- Dahl, Bill. Erlewine, Michael , 编. All Music Guide to the Blues. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books. 1996. ISBN 0-87930-424-3.
|section=
被忽略 (帮助) - Danchin, Sebastian. Earl Hooker: Blues Master. University Press of Mississippi. 2001. ISBN 1-57806-306-X.
- Dicaire, David. Blues Singers: Biographies of 50 Legendary Artists of the Early 20th Century. New York City: Mc Farland. 1999 [October 16, 2017]. ISBN 978-0786406067.
- Egan, Sean. The Mammoth Book of the Rolling Stones. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. 2013 [October 11, 2017]. ISBN 978-0-7624-4814-2.
- Erlewine, Michael. All Music Guide to the Blues. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books. 1996. ISBN 0-87930-424-3.
- Fetherhoff, Bob. The Guitar Story: From Ancient to Modern Times. BookBaby. 2014 [October 31, 2017]. ISBN 978-1483516837.
- Gioia, Ted. Delta Blues Norton Paperback 2009. New York City: W. W. Norton. 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-33750-1.
- Gordon, Robert. Can't Be Satisfied: The Life and Times of Muddy Waters. New York City: Little, Brown. 2002. ISBN 0-316-32849-9.
- Grigg, Andy. Earl Hooker: Simply the Best (CD notes). Earl Hooker. Universal City, California: MCA Records. 1999. MCAD-11811.
- Grossman, Stefan. Complete Country Blues Guitar Book. Pacific, Missouri: Mel Bay. 1992 [November 9, 2017].
- Gruhn, George; Carver, Walter. Gruhn's Guide to Vintage Guitars: An Identification Guide for American Fretted Instruments 3rd. New York City: Hal Leonard. 2010 [November 25, 2017].
- Herzhaft, Gérard. Encyclopedia of the Blues. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. 1992. ISBN 1-55728-252-8.
- Huey, Steve. Erlewine, Michael , 编. All Music Guide to the Blues. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books. 1996. ISBN 0-87930-424-3.
|section=
被忽略 (帮助) - Inaba, Mitsutoshi. Willie Dixon: Preacher of the Blues. Scarecrow Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-8108-6993-6.
- Kelley, Kirby. Beginning Electric Slide Guitar: An Introduction to Slide Techniques and Styles. Van Nuys, California: Alfred Publishing. 2003 [October 29, 2017]. ISBN 0-7390-3142-2.
- Kirkeby, Marc. Rising Sons Featuring Taj Mahal and Ry Cooder (Album notes). Rising Sons. New York City: Legacy Recordings. 1992. OCLC 990269418. CK 52828.
- Masden, Pete. Slide Guitar. Backbeat Books. 2005. ISBN 0-87930-852-4.
- Moore, Allan. The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-1107494534.
- Oliver, Paul. Blues Off the Record : Thirty Years of Blues Commentary Repr. New York City: Da Capo Press. 1988 [October 30, 2017]. ISBN 978-0306803215. (原始内容存档于2020-04-27).
- Prown, Pete; Newquist, Harvey P. Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard. 1997. ISBN 978-0793540426.
- Rubin, Dave. Inside the Blues: 1942 to 1982. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard. 2007. ISBN 978-1423416661.
- Russell, Tony. The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books. 1997. ISBN 1-85868-255-X.
- Ruymar, Lorene. The Hawaiian Steel Guitar and Its Great Hawaiian Musicians. Anaheim, California: Centerstream Publishing. 1996 [September 12, 2017]. ISBN 1-57424-021-8. (原始内容存档于2020-08-20).
- Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Cesar. Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. 1991. ISBN 0-312-05861-6.
- Sokolow, Fred. Slide Guitar for the Rock Guitarist. Pacific, Missouri: Mel Bay. 1996 [October 8, 2017]. ISBN 978-1610655637.
- Tipaldi, Art. Children of the Blues: 49 Musicians Shaping a New Blues Tradition. Hal Leonard. 2002.
- Tracy, Steven C., Editor; Evans, David. Write Me a Few of Your Lines: A Blues Reader. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. 1999. ISBN 1-55849-205-4.
- Unterberger, Richie; Koda, Cub. Erlewine, Michael , 编. All Music Guide to the Blues. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books. 1996. ISBN 0-87930-424-3.
|section=
被忽略 (帮助) - Unterberger, Richie. The Unreleased Beatles: Music & Film. San Francisco, California: Backbeat Books. 2008. ISBN 978-0879308926.
- Volk, Andy. Lap Steel Guitar. Anaheim, California: Centerstream Publications. 2003. ISBN 1-57424-134-6.
- Wald, Elijah. Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues. New York City: Amistad. 2004. ISBN 978-0-06-052427-2.
- Ward, Ed. Michael Bloomfield: The Rise and Fall of an American Guitar Hero. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. 2016. ISBN 978-1613733318.
- Weissman, Dick. A Guide to Non-Jazz Improvisation: Guitar Edition. Pacific, Missouri: Mel Bay. 2010.
- Whitburn, Joel. Top R&B Singles 1942–1988. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. 1988. ISBN 0-89820-068-7.
- Wolkin, Jan Mark. Erlewine, Michael , 编. All Music Guide to the Blues. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books. 1996. ISBN 0-87930-424-3.
|section=
被忽略 (帮助) - Wyatt, Keith. Stang, Aaron , 编. Electric Slide Guitar: Beyond Basics. Miami, Florida: Warner Bros. 1997 [October 7, 2017]. ISBN 9780769200361.
- Wyman, Bill. Stone Alone: The Story of a Rock 'n' Roll Band. New York City: Penguin Group. 1991.
外部链接
- The Magic and Mystery of Slide Guitar (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – an exhibit curated by the Museum of Making Music (NAMM Foundation) detailing the history and evolution of slide guitar technique
- Open-G tuning, Open-E tuning and Slide guitar (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – an overview of Open-G and Open-E slide