工会代理制企业

工会代理制企业（agency shop）是工会保障协议（英语：union security agreement）中的一种，依照此协议，雇主可以雇用工会成员，也可以雇用非工会成员。加入工会不是员工获雇用的必要条件^[1]。不过，非工会成员的员工需要支付费用来分担工会和雇主谈判的开支^[1]。此费用一般称为“代理费”（agency fee）^[2]^[3]。

若一些工会代理制非法的情形（例如美国公共部门工会的相关法律常有此规定），可以由雇主和工会订定“公平分享条款”（fair share provision）^[2]^[3]。条款会要求非工会成员的劳工支付“公平分享费用”（fair share fee）以分担工会集体协商的支出。“公平分享”类似工会代理制，但对非工会成员收费的项目限制较多^{[需要解释]}^[2]^[3]。在加拿大，此代理费用会称为兰德准则（英语：Rand formula）^[4]。在美国2018年6月的詹尼斯诉美国州县市劳工联盟（英语：Janus v. AFSCME）案中确定，强迫公部门的非工会成员支付“代理费”的作法是违宪的。

国际劳工组织的协议没有提到代理费规定的法律效力，由各成员国自行决定是否有法律效力^[5]。代理费规定的法律效力因国家而异，有些国家在协议中直接禁止，也有些是依此概念广泛实施，也有些国家完全不提代理费规定一事。

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pynes, Joan. Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. 2d ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. ISBN 0-7879-7078-6^{[页码请求]}
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Guerin, Lisa and DelPo, Amy. The Manager's Legal Handbook. Rev. 4th ed. Berkeley, Calif.: Nolo, 2007. ISBN 1-4133-0718-3^{[页码请求]}; Mc Closkey, Margie Ransom; Rubin, Richard S. Union Security in the Public Sector: Types, Problems, Trends. The Journal of Collective Negotiations. 1977, 6 (4): 1. doi:10.2190/UJAU-1DJJ-0H1C-NBRJ.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Mauer, Michael. The Union Member's Complete Guide: Everything You Want—and Need—to Know About Working Union. Annapolis, Md.: Union Communication Services, Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-9659486-1-7^{[页码请求]}
^ McMenemy, John. The Language of Canadian Politics: A Guide to Important Terms and Concepts. Rev. ed. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-88920-230-3^{[页码请求]}
^ "Case(s) No(s). 188, Report No. 34 (Denmark): Complaints against the Government of Denmark presented by Swiss Printing Workers' Union and the Swiss Federation of National Christian Trade Unions". 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2011-06-04. Document No. 031960034188. Cases of the Committee on Freedom of Association. International Labor Organization. March 4, 1959.

[Pynes-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pynes, Joan. Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. 2d ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. ISBN 0-7879-7078-6^{[页码请求]}

[Guerin-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Guerin, Lisa and DelPo, Amy. The Manager's Legal Handbook. Rev. 4th ed. Berkeley, Calif.: Nolo, 2007. ISBN 1-4133-0718-3^{[页码请求]}; Mc Closkey, Margie Ransom; Rubin, Richard S. Union Security in the Public Sector: Types, Problems, Trends. The Journal of Collective Negotiations. 1977, 6 (4): 1. doi:10.2190/UJAU-1DJJ-0H1C-NBRJ.

[Mauer-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Mauer, Michael. The Union Member's Complete Guide: Everything You Want—and Need—to Know About Working Union. Annapolis, Md.: Union Communication Services, Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-9659486-1-7^{[页码请求]}

[4] McMenemy, John. The Language of Canadian Politics: A Guide to Important Terms and Concepts. Rev. ed. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-88920-230-3^{[页码请求]}

[5] "Case(s) No(s). 188, Report No. 34 (Denmark): Complaints against the Government of Denmark presented by Swiss Printing Workers' Union and the Swiss Federation of National Christian Trade Unions". 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2011-06-04. Document No. 031960034188. Cases of the Committee on Freedom of Association. International Labor Organization. March 4, 1959.

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参考资料