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Death of Ayrton Senna
日期1994年5月1日，​30年前​（1994-05-01）
时间2:15 p.m.（CEST）
地点Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, Imola, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
死亡Ayrton Senna

Template:Ayrton Senna series

On 1 May 1994, Brazilian Formula One driver Ayrton Senna was killed after his car crashed into a concrete barrier while he was leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Italy. The previous day, Austrian driver Roland Ratzenberger had died when his car crashed during qualification for the race. His and Senna's crashes were the worst of several that took place that weekend (including a serious one involving Rubens Barrichello) and were the first fatal collisions to occur during a Formula One race meeting in 12 years (and not repeated until the fatal crash of Jules Bianchi at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka Circuit). This became a turning point in the safety of Formula One, prompting the implementation of new safety measures in both Formula One and the circuit, as well as the Grand Prix Drivers' Association to be reestablished. The Supreme Court of Cassation of Italy ruled that mechanical failure was the cause of the crash.

Background

In 1994, Senna left his longtime team McLaren, which he had joined in 1988 and won three World Drivers' Championships with in 1988, 1990 and 1991, to join Williams, replacing his former teammate Alain Prost. There he was paired with Damon Hill. Williams was expected to contend for the F1 World Championship as they had in the previous two seasons with Prost and Nigel Mansell, albeit with cars that no longer had electronic aids, which had been banned for the 1994 season.

On debut for his new team during the traditional pre-season testing at Estoril, Senna said of the Williams FW16:

I have a very negative feeling about driving the car and driving it on the limit and so on. Therefore I didn't have a single run or a single lap that I felt comfortable or reasonably confident. I am uncomfortable in the car. It all feels wrong. We changed the seat and the wheel, but even so I was already asking for more room. Going back to when we raced at Estoril last September, it feels much more difficult. Some of that is down to the lack of electronic change. Also, the car has its own characteristics which I'm not fully confident in yet. It makes you a lot more tense and that stresses you.[1]

The problems continued as the season commenced. Senna had his worst ever start to a Formula One season, failing to finish or score points in the first two races (the Brazilian and Pacific Grands Prix), despite having taken pole in both. Benetton's Michael Schumacher was the championship leader entering the third race at Imola, with Senna trailing by 20 points.[2]

1994 San Marino Grand Prix

主条目：1994 San Marino Grand Prix
Rubens Barrichello (pictured at the 1995 French Grand Prix) suffered a high-speed crash at the Variante Bassa chicane

On the Friday before the race, Senna's protégé, Rubens Barrichello, driving for the Jordan team, clipped a curb and crashed heavily at 225 km/h（140 mph） at the Variante Bassa chicane. Senna got out of his Williams car and went to the scene of the collision. Barrichello's tongue blocked his airway and emergency work done by FIA doctor Sid Watkins saved his life. Barrichello regained consciousness and found Senna looking over him. After learning Barrichello had survived, Senna returned to his car and continued his practice session.[3]

After the session concluded, he left his car and went to the Williams motor home to attend pre-arranged interviews for the press and told the attending journalists to wait one hour while he was checking car problems with his engineer, David Brown. Following the interviews, Senna continued his work with Brown for another two hours. Once he arrived back to his hotel in Castel San Pietro, Senna reportedly telephoned his girlfriend Adriane Galisteu and broke down into tears while recounting Barrichello's crash earlier that day.[3]

On Saturday morning, Senna set a personal best time of 1m 22.03 seconds and agreed with teammate Damon Hill that the car had improved. Having been released from the Medical Centre, Barrichello told Senna he was flying back to England to watch the race on television.[3]

Roland Ratzenberger was killed after colliding with a concrete wall at the Villeneuve Curve. The picture is from earlier the same day.

In the afternoon, the second qualifying session began and 18 minutes into the session, Simtek driver Roland Ratzenberger struck the concrete wall on the outside of the Villeneuve curve at 314 km/h（195 mph）, as a result of a suspected front wing failure.[4] After the impact with a concrete barrier, the car bounced off and rested in the middle of that section of the track. Senna saw the replays of the collision and rushed into the pitlane to get inside a course car. When he arrived, with Ratzenberger taken into an ambulance, Senna inspected the damaged Simtek.[3] He then attended the circuit's Medical Centre where he learnt from neurosurgeon Sid Watkins that Ratzenberger had died from injuries sustained in the accident. When the two left the centre together, Watkins told Senna that he did not have to race ever again and suggested that he withdraw from the race and go fishing with him. Senna responded by telling Watkins he could not stop racing and then went back to the Williams garage, where he summoned Patrick Head and Frank Williams, telling them of the situation and deciding to withdraw for the remainder of the qualifying session.[3]

Reportedly, Senna retired to his motor home where he broke down in tears and collapsed onto the floor.[来源请求] This had concerned Williams, who asked Betise Assumpção, Senna's PR chief to arrange a meeting to discuss Senna's emotional state. Senna decided not to attend the post-qualifying press conference, leading the FIA to discuss but decide not to take disciplinary action against him. On the following day, however, race stewards called Senna out of his motor home to discuss his having commandeered a course car to visit Ratzenberger's crash site. A row ensued and Senna stormed off in disgust. The stewards decided to take no action.[3]

On Sunday morning, Senna was the fastest in the warm-up session by nine-tenths of a second. Afterwards he saw former McLaren rival Alain Prost sitting at a table. They talked together for 30 minutes, with Senna lobbying for Prost's help to improve the sport's safety, both agreeing to meet before the Monaco Grand Prix.[3]

Next, Senna filmed an in-car lap of Imola for French television channel TF1, where he greeted Prost now working as a presenter for that channel: "A special hello to our dear friend Alain. We all miss you, Alain." Prost said that he was amazed and very touched by the comment.[5]

At the drivers' briefing, Senna attended along with Gerhard Berger. Since he was unwilling to speak out due to the earlier row with race officials that had left him still fraught with emotions,[3] Senna asked Berger to raise his concerns about the pace car's presence during formation lap, which had no role other than to promote the then latest Porsche 911. At the San Marino Grand Prix, this pace car was thus made to leave the grid in advance of the Formula One cars, instead of together.

Senna then met with fellow drivers to discuss the re-establishment of a drivers' group (the Grand Prix Drivers' Association) in an attempt to increase safety in Formula One. As the most senior driver, Senna offered to take the role of leader, starting with the next race event in Monaco. Niki Lauda suggested that Senna lead the group because of his strong personality, relative to the other drivers.[6]

Racing crash

A map of the circuit per 1994年 layout, with the Tamburello corner encircled

At the start of the race, Pedro Lamy and JJ Lehto were involved in a serious collision, spraying debris into the crowd and injuring bystanders. Track officials deployed the Opel Vectra safety car, driven by German Formula Three driver Max Angelelli,[7] to slow down the field and allow the removal of debris. The competitors proceeded behind the safety car for five laps.[8] As the Vectra was based on a family sedan and not relatively fast, Senna had pulled alongside the Vectra to gesture to its driver to speed up; this car was subsequently regarded as inadequate for the role (due to the fact that its brakes had overheated and thus had to be driven slowly, lest itself be the cause of a crash) and a cause of the alleged drop in tyre pressures of the following Formula One cars.[9][10] Before the sixth lap, David Brown told Senna via pit-to-car radio that the safety car was pulling off, and Senna acknowledged the message.[3]

On lap 6, the race resumed and Senna immediately set a quick pace with the third-quickest lap of the race, followed by Schumacher. At the flat-out left-hander Tamburello corner, Schumacher noticed that Senna took a tight line through the curve and his car jiggled on the bumps.[8]

On lap 7, the second lap at racing speed, Senna's car left the racing line at Tamburello, ran in a straight line off the track and struck an unprotected concrete barrier. Telemetry data recovered from the wreckage shows he entered the corner at 309 km/h（192 mph） and then braked hard, downshifting twice to slow down before impacting the wall at 211 km/h（131 mph）.[11] The car hit the wall at a shallow angle, tearing off the right front wheel and nose cone before spinning to a halt.

After Senna's car stopped, he was initially motionless in the cockpit. After about ten seconds, as recorded by the close-up aerial footage, his head was seen to lift to the left before returning to its original position. Thereafter he did not move again. The right front wheel had shot up upon impact and entered the cockpit, striking the right frontal area of his helmet. The violence of the wheel's impact shoved his head back against the headrest (which was already far forward from the car's impact with the wall) causing fatal skull fractures. In addition, a piece of suspension attached to the wheel had also partially penetrated his Bell M3 helmet and caused trauma to his head. Also, it appeared that a jagged piece of the upright assembly had penetrated the helmet visor just above his right eye. Senna was using a medium-sized (58 cm) M3 helmet with a new "thin" Bell visor. Any one of the three injuries would probably have killed him.[12]

After the crash, it was immediately evident that Senna had suffered some form of injury, because his helmet was seen to be motionless and leaning slightly to the right. The subtle movement of his head in the seconds that followed raised false hopes. Moments after the crash, Angelo Orsi, a photographer and a friend of Senna, took photographs of Senna in the car after his helmet was removed and Senna being treated before marshals blocked his view. Despite receiving numerous offers, the photographs have only been seen by Orsi and the Senna family, who insisted that Orsi not publish the photographs.[3]

Fire marshals arrived at the car and were unable to touch Senna before qualified medical personnel arrived. Senna was pulled out of the car within minutes.[6] Television coverage from an overhead helicopter was seen around the world, as rescue workers gave Senna medical attention. Close inspection of the area in which the medical staff treated Senna revealed a considerable amount of blood on the ground, probably from the pieces of suspension and upright assembly penetrating his helmet. From visible injuries to Senna's head, it was evident to attending medical professionals that he had sustained a grave head trauma. An emergency tracheotomy was conducted alongside the track to establish a secure airway through which the medical personnel could artificially maintain his breathing. The race was stopped one minute and nine seconds after Senna's crash. Williams team manager Ian Harrison went up to race control, finding a scene where many race officials were sensing that Senna's crash had been serious. Bernie Ecclestone later arrived in race control to calm the situation.[13]

Neurosurgeon Sid Watkins, the head of Formula One's on-track medical team, performed the on-site tracheotomy on Senna.[14] Watkins later reported:

He looked serene. I raised his eyelids and it was clear from his pupils that he had a massive brain injury. We lifted him from the cockpit and laid him on the ground. As we did, he sighed and, although I am not religious, I felt his spirit depart at that moment.[15]

Watkins cleared the respiratory passages, stemmed the blood flow, replaced lost blood and immobilised the cervical area. Watkins radioed for a medical helicopter and asked the intensive care anaesthetist, Giovanni Gordini, to escort Senna to Maggiore Hospital.[3]

During the safety car period, Érik Comas brought his Larrousse-Ford to the pit lane to correct a vibration issue caused by contact under a yellow flag on the first lap. Shortly after the helicopter landed on the racing surface, Comas left the pit area and attempted to rejoin the now red flagged Grand Prix due to a miscommunication with his crew. The race marshals waved frantically at Comas as he approached Tamburello, since he was apparently unaware of what was taking place, and he slammed on his brakes in time to stop the Larousse and avoid a collision with the medical helicopter. When he spotted Comas approaching the accident scene, John Watson — covering the events as an analyst for EuroSport — said it was the "most ridiculous thing I've ever seen at any time in my life".[16][需要较佳来源]

Senna's car was eventually lifted onto a truck and returned to the pit lane where officials impounded it. However, an unidentified person insisted that the black-box data carried on the car should be removed.[13] At 3:00 p.m., around 28 minutes after the crash, the helicopter landed in front of the Maggiore Hospital. Doctors rushed Senna into intensive care; a brain scan confirmed the diagnosis made on the track. At 3:10 p.m., Senna's heart stopped beating, doctors restarted his heart, and he was placed on a life-support machine. Senna's brother Leonardo arranged for a priest to perform the last rites which occurred at 6:15 p.m. Senna's heart stopped beating again at 6:37 p.m., and it was decided not to restart it. Doctor Maria Teresa Fiandri, the emergency department head physician at the hospital who was off-duty and had been watching the race live from home with her sons, immediately left for the hospital and arrived at the same time as Senna's helicopter landed. In her interview after 20 years, she confirmed that the blood loss suffered by Senna was due to a damaged superficial temporal artery and that, apart from his head injuries, Senna appeared serene and the rest of the body was intact. Fiandri became responsible for providing medical updates to the media and public that had amassed at the hospital and, at about 7:00 p.m., she announced that Senna died at 6:40 p.m.[17]

It was later revealed that, as medical staff examined Senna, a furled Austrian flag was found in his car—a flag that he had intended to raise in honour of Ratzenberger if he won the race.[18]

Some time after the race, Ian Harrison was called by an Italian lawyer informing Harrison of Senna's death and that it was being treated as a "road traffic accident". Early in the morning of 2 May, Harrison was called by another lawyer, who took him to a mortuary. Harrison declined to see Senna's body upon being asked.[13]

Following some stability and aerodynamic issues Senna's Williams FW16 was re-engineered by Adrian Newey to provide better handling at the request of Senna and Hill.[19] After the end of the season, the cars were significantly changed to be safer. At Imola, Tamburello was changed from a flat-out left-hander to a chicane and a slow left-hander.

State funeral

Monument to Ayrton Senna, Melinda Garcia's work, installed at the entrance of the tunnel under Ibirapuera Park, São Paulo, Brazil

Senna's death was considered by many of his Brazilian fans to be a national tragedy, and the Brazilian government declared three days of national mourning. In an exception to airline policy, Senna's coffin was allowed to be flown back to his home country not as cargo but in the passenger cabin of a Varig McDonnell Douglas MD-11 commercial jetliner, accompanied by his younger brother, Leonardo, and close friends. Senna's coffin was covered with a large Brazilian flag.

The funeral, taking place on 5 May 1994, was broadcast live on Brazilian television[20] and an estimated three million people lined the streets of his hometown of São Paulo. Motor racing figures who attended Senna's state funeral included Alain Prost, Gerhard Berger, Jackie Stewart, Damon Hill, Thierry Boutsen, Rubens Barrichello (Ayrton's new protégé) and Emerson Fittipaldi who were among the pallbearers. Watkins and then McLaren team coordinator Jo Ramírez did not attend as they were so grief-stricken.[来源请求] Senna's family did not allow Formula One Management president Bernie Ecclestone to attend,[21] and Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) president Max Mosley instead attended the funeral of Roland Ratzenberger which took place on 7 May 1994, in Salzburg, Austria.[22] Mosley said in a press conference ten years later, "I went to his funeral because everyone went to Senna's. I thought it was important that somebody went to his."[23] Senna was buried at the Morumbi Cemetery in São Paulo. His grave bears the epitaph Nada pode me separar do amor de Deus (Nothing can separate me from God's love).[24]

At the Tokyo headquarters of Honda, where McLaren-Honda cars were typically displayed after each race, so many floral tributes were received after Senna's death that they overwhelmed the large exhibit lobby,[25] even though Senna was no longer driving for a Honda-powered team (Honda had pulled out of Formula One after 1992, although its tuning partner Mugen Motorsports remained in the sport to supply Team Lotus that year). Senna had a special relationship with company founder Soichiro Honda[26] and was revered in Japan. For the next race at Monaco, the FIA decided to leave the first two grid positions empty and painted them with the colours of the Brazilian and the Austrian flags, to honour Senna and Ratzenberger.[27]

Aftermath

Reactions

Five-time World Champion Juan Manuel Fangio was watching the race from his home in Balcarce, Argentina. He said after the accident “I knew he was dead”.[12]

ESPN, who broadcast the San Marino Grand Prix in the United States, also carried the NASCAR Winston Select 500 Winston Cup race from Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama, later on that day. With the race under a caution period on Lap 111 and Dale Earnhardt leading, lead commentator Bob Jenkins passed along word of Senna’s death to the viewing audience. To honor Senna, the ESPN booth of Jenkins, Ned Jarrett, and Benny Parsons went silent once the green flag came back out on the next lap. The moment of silence ended after a multiple-car incident caused another caution flag period within two laps of the restart.

Earnhardt – who, like Senna, would lose his life in a racing accident during the 2001 Daytona 500 – went on to win the race that afternoon. Once he emerged from his car, Earnhardt spoke with ESPN’s Jerry Punch in Victory Lane and extended his condolences to Senna’s friends and family.

Among Senna’s millions of fans was a young Brad Keselowski, who was ten years old when Senna’s fatal accident occurred. Years later, Keselowski, who eventually became a NASCAR driver and won the 2012 Sprint Cup Championship, drew parallels between the deaths of Senna and Earnhardt in a piece for NASCAR’s website.[28]

In Brazil, the country's television networks spent the rest of the day interrupting their normal programming schedules to announce Senna's death and replay his last interview, given to the media on the day before the crash.[29] Many motor racing fans gathered outside of Maggiore Hospital to pay their respects to Senna, causing major traffic jams.[30][31] Fans also gathered in the Williams F1 factory in Didcot where around 200 people attended with flowers laid on the front gates of the factory.[13]

The Italian and Brazilian press were critical of the FIA for the rule changes that were enacted for 1994.[30] Benetton driver Schumacher called for improvements in safety.[32] BBC Sport commentator Murray Walker called Senna's death the "blackest day for Grand Prix racing that I can remember".[33]

Two and a half months later, following Brazil's victory over Italy in the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the Brazilian squad dedicated their World Cup victory to Senna.[34]

Safety improvements

The layout of the circuit was changed after the two fatal crashes at the 1994 event

On 3 May, the FIA called a meeting at the request of the Italian Automobile Club to review the events of the weekend.[35] Later on, the governing body announced new safety measures for the next round in Monaco which included the following three changes:[36]

  1. Entry to and exit from the pit lane would be controlled by a curve to force cars to run at a reduced speed
  2. No team personnel would be allowed onto the pit lane surface except those directly involved with working on a car during a scheduled pit stop
  3. A draw would be arranged to determine the scheduled order in which cars make pit stops. Stops made out of the designated order will be limited to emergencies only and cars would not be allowed to take on fuel or new tires.

On 8 May, it was reported that Federico Bendinelli, an official who worked at Imola, said Senna had inspected the Tamburello corner and declared it was "O.K."[37] Williams ran tests on one of their rigs attempting to replicate Senna's accident from the data retrieved. They attempted to simulate a mechanical failure which had not proven conclusive.[13]

At the next race in Monaco, retired world champion Niki Lauda announced the reformation of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association (GPDA). The representatives elected were Lauda and active drivers Michael Schumacher, Gerhard Berger and Martin Brundle. At the end of the season, the GPDA demanded the FIA improve the safety of Formula One. The FIA responded quickly and introduced changes to the regulations as follows:[38]

For the Spanish Grand Prix:

  • the size of diffusers would be reduced;
  • the front wing end plates would be raised;
  • the size of the front wing would be reduced.

All together this would reduce the amount of downforce by about 15%.

For the Canadian Grand Prix:

  • the lateral protection of the drivers' heads would be improved by increasing the height of the sides of the cockpit;
  • the minimum weight of a Formula One car would be increased by 25 kg (changed to 15 kg by Canadian GP);
  • the front wishbones would be strengthened to reduce the possibility of a front wheel coming loose and striking the driver;
  • the cockpit would be lengthened to prevent drivers striking their head on the front of the cockpit;
  • the use of pump petrol would be imposed;
  • the airboxes from the engines would be removed to reduce the airflow to the engines and thus decrease the power available.

Other changes included improved crash barriers, redesigned tracks and tyre barriers, higher crash safety standards, higher sills on the driver cockpit and a limit on 3-litre engines.[39] The FIA immediately investigated the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, and the track's signature Tamburello turn was changed into a left–right chicane as a result.

In February 1995, a 500-page report by a team of judicial investigators was handed over to Italian prosecutors which attributed Senna's crash to steering column failure caused by a pre-race adjustment.[40]

Autopsy

During legal proceedings before the Italian courts on 3 March 1997, based on the expert testimony and evidence of the pathologist, Dr Cipolla, Senna's official time of death was recorded as 2:17 pm on 1 May 1994,[41] coinciding with cerebral death under Italian law, upon Senna hitting the Tamburello wall. The FIA and Italian motorsport authorities still maintain that Senna was not killed instantly, but rather died in the hospital, where he had been rushed by helicopter after an emergency tracheotomy and IV administration were performed on the track.

There is an ongoing debate as to why Senna was not declared dead at the track. Under Italian law, collisions resulting in a fatality must be investigated for any criminal culpability. The activities that cause the fatality, such as a sporting event, must be suspended forthwith and the scene of the crash secured.

The former Director of the Oporto (Portugal) Legal Medicine Institute, Professor José Eduardo Pinto da Costa, has stated the following:

From the ethical viewpoint, the procedure used for Ayrton's body was wrong. It involved dysthanasia, which means that a person has been kept alive improperly after biological death has taken place because of brain injuries so serious that the patient would never have been able to remain alive without mechanical means of support. There would have been no prospect of normal life and relationships. Whether or not Ayrton was removed from the car while his heart was beating or whether his supply of blood had halted or was still flowing, is irrelevant to the determination of when he died.

The autopsy showed that the crash caused multiple fractures at the base of the cranium, crushing the forehead and rupturing the temporal artery with haemorrhage in the respiratory passages. It is possible to resuscitate a dead person immediately after the heart stops through cardio-respiratory processes. The procedure is known as putting the patient on the machine. From the medical-legal viewpoint, in Ayrton's case, there is a subtle point: resuscitation measures were implemented.

From the ethical point of view, this might well be condemned because the measures were not intended to be of strictly medical benefit to the patient but rather because they suited the commercial interest of the organisation. Resuscitation did, in fact, take place, with the tracheotomy performed, while the activity of the heart was restored with the assistance of cardio-respiratory devices. The attitude in question was certainly controversial. Any physician would know there was no possibility whatsoever of successfully restoring life in the condition in which Senna had been found.[42]

Professor José Pratas Vital, Director of the Egas Moniz Hospital in Lisbon, a neurosurgeon and Head of the Medical Staff at the Portuguese GP, offered a different opinion:

The people who conducted the autopsy stated that, on the evidence of his injuries, Senna was dead. They could not say that. He had injuries which led to his death, but at that point, the heart may still have been functioning. Medical personnel attending an injured person, and who perceive that the heart is still beating, have only two courses of action: One is to ensure that the patient's respiratory passages remain free, which means that he can breathe. They had to carry out an emergency tracheotomy. With oxygen and the heart beating, there is another concern, which is the loss of blood. These are the steps to be followed in any case involving serious injury, whether on the street or on a racetrack. The rescue team can think of nothing else at that moment except to assist the patient, particularly by immobilising the cervical area. Then the injured person must be taken immediately to the intensive care unit of the nearest hospital.[42]

Rogério Morais Martins, creative director of Ayrton Senna Promotions (which became the Ayrton Senna Institute after Senna's death), stated that:

According to the first clinical bulletin read by Dr. Maria Teresa Fiandri at 4:30 pm Ayrton Senna had brain damage with haemorrhaged shock and deep coma. However, the medical staff did not note any chest or abdomen wound. The haemorrhage was caused by the rupture of the temporal artery. The neurosurgeon who examined Ayrton Senna at the hospital mentioned that the circumstances did not call for surgery because the wound was generalised in the cranium. At 6:05 pm Dr. Fiandri read another communiqué, her voice shaking, announcing that Senna was dead. At that stage he was still connected to the equipment that maintained his heartbeat.

The release by the Italian authorities of the results of Ayrton Senna's autopsy, revealing that the driver had died instantaneously during the race at Imola, ignited still more controversy. Now there were questions about the reactions of the race director and the medical authorities. Although spokespersons for the hospital had stated that Senna was still breathing on arrival in Bologna, the autopsy on Ratzenberger [who died the day before] indicated that his death had been instantaneous. Under Italian law, a death within the confines of the circuit would have required the cancellation of the entire race meeting. That, in turn, could have prevented Senna's death.

The relevant Italian legislation stipulates that when a death takes place during a sporting event, it should be immediately halted and the area sealed off for examination. In the case of Ratzenberger, this would have meant the cancellation of both Saturday's qualifying session and the San Marino Grand Prix on Sunday.

Medical experts are unable to state whether or not Ayrton Senna died instantaneously. Nevertheless, they were well aware that his chances of survival were slight. Had he remained alive, the brain damage would have left him severely handicapped. Collisions such as this are almost always fatal, with survivors suffering irreversible brain damage. This is a result of the effects on the brain of sudden deceleration, which causes structural damage to the brain tissues. Estimates of the forces involved in Ayrton's crash suggest a rate of deceleration equivalent to a 30-metre vertical drop, landing head-first. Evidence offered at the autopsy revealed that the impact of this 208 km/h crash caused multiple injuries at the base of the cranium, resulting in respiratory insufficiency.

There was crushing of the brain (which was forced against the wall of the cranium causing oedema and haemorrhage, increasing intra-cranial pressure and causing brain death), together with the rupture of the temporal artery, haemorrhage in the respiratory passages and the consequent heart failure.

There are two opposing theories on the issue of whether the drivers were still alive when they were put in the helicopters that carried them to hospital. Assuming both Ratzenberger and Senna had died instantaneously, the race organisers might have delayed any announcement in order to avoid being forced to cancel the meeting, thus protecting their financial interests.

Had the meeting been cancelled, Sagis – the organisation which administers the Imola circuit – stood to lose an estimated US$6.5 million.[42]

Italian prosecution

The Williams team was entangled for many years in Italian criminal court proceedings after prosecutors instigated manslaughter charges against key team officials. On 16 December 1997, Frank Williams and five others were acquitted of the charges, ending the threat of a boycott of Formula One in Italy.[43] In a 381-page ruling, Judge Antonio Costanzo concluded that steering column failure was the probable cause of Senna's crash; however, there was no proof of negligence on the part of Head or Newey, or that they had designed the modifications in the first place.[44] On 22 November 1999, an appeals court upheld the acquittals, rejecting a request from prosecutors to give one-year suspended sentences to Head and Newey.[45] In April 2002, Senna's FW16 chassis number 02 was returned to the Williams team. The team reported that the car was in an advanced state of deterioration and was subsequently destroyed. Senna's helmet was returned to Bell, and was incinerated. The car's engine was returned to Renault, where its fate is unknown.[46][47]

In January 2003, the Italian Supreme Court reopened the case, ruling that "material errors" had been made in Bologna court of appeal.[48] On 27 May 2005, the court gave a full acquittal to Adrian Newey, while the case against Head was "timed out" under a statute of limitations.[45] A retrial was ordered by Italy's highest court in 2005.[49]

On 13 April 2007, the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation delivered its own verdict (number 15050) stating that: "It has been determined that the accident was caused by a steering column failure. This failure was caused by badly designed and badly executed modifications. The responsibility for this falls on Patrick Head, culpable of omitted control". However, Head was not arrested since the Italian statute of limitations for culpable homicide was 7 years and 6 months, and the verdict was pronounced 13 years after the crash.[50]

The criminal charges had focused on the car's steering column, which was found to have sheared off at a point where a modification had been made. The prosecution alleged that the column had failed, causing the crash, and the Williams team conceded to this failure but only as caused by the crash impact. In the weeks preceding the San Marino Grand Prix, Senna reportedly had asked his team to alter the steering column in order to give him more room in the cockpit.[51] Patrick Head and Adrian Newey satisfied Senna's request by having the FW16's existing shaft cut and extended with a smaller-diameter piece of tubing that was welded together with reinforcing plates. The modification was carried out in this manner as there was insufficient time to instead manufacture a new steering shaft in time for the race.

A 600-page technical report was submitted by the University of Bologna under Professor of Engineering Enrico Lorenzini and his team of specialists. The report concluded that fatigue cracks had developed through most of the steering column at the point where it had broken.[52] Lorenzini stated: "It had been badly welded together about a third of the way down and couldn't stand the strain of the race. We discovered scratches on the crack in the steering rod. It seemed like the job had been done in a hurry but I can't say how long before the race. Someone had tried to smooth over the joint following the welding. I have never seen anything like it. I believe the rod was faulty and probably cracked even during the warm-up. Moments before the crash only a tiny piece was left connected and therefore the car didn't respond in the bend."[53]

An analysis of the onboard camera video was submitted by Cineca, which tracked the movement of the steering wheel during the race. Having rotated in a fixed arc during the previous laps, during the final seconds a yellow button on the wheel moved several centimetres away from its normal trajectory, with the steering wheel tilting in its own plane, indicating a breaking steering column.[54] Williams introduced its own video to prove the movement was normal in which David Coulthard manhandled an FW16B steering wheel, the effort required to deflect the wheel termed as "quite considerable". Michele Alboreto testified that the steering wheel movement was abnormal, stating that the video "proves that something was broken in Senna's Williams. No steering wheel moves a few centimetres."[55][56][57][58]

In May 2011, Williams FW16 designer Adrian Newey expressed his views about the crash:

The honest truth is that no one will ever know exactly what happened. There's no doubt the steering column failed and the big question was whether it failed in the accident or did it cause the accident? It had fatigue cracks and would have failed at some point. There is no question that its design was very poor. However, all the evidence suggests the car did not go off the track as a result of steering column failure... If you look at the camera shots, especially from Michael Schumacher's following car, the car didn't understeer off the track. It oversteered which is not consistent with a steering column failure. The rear of the car stepped out and all the data suggests that happened. Ayrton then corrected that by going to 50% throttle which would be consistent with trying to reduce the rear stepping out and then, half-a-second later, he went hard on the brakes. The question then is why did the rear step out? The car bottomed much harder on that second lap which again appears to be unusual because the tyre pressure should have come up by then – which leaves you expecting that the right rear tyre probably picked up a puncture from debris on the track. If I was pushed into picking out a single most likely cause that would be it.[59][60]

Alternative hypotheses

Driver error

Patrick Head, technical director of Williams, believed that Senna had made a driving error. Michael Schumacher had told him after the race that Senna's car looked 'nervous' the previous lap.[61] Damon Hill said he is convinced that Senna made a mistake.[62][63]

Tyre puncture

Adrian Newey, who designed Senna's car, said he believes a tyre puncture may have caused Senna to crash. There was debris on the track following the JJ Lehto crash.[64][65][66] Riccardo Patrese suffered a right rear tyre failure at Tamburello during practice for the 1992 Grand Prix, yet his car (an active suspension FW14B) was seen to be spinning before even leaving the track.[67]

See also

References

  1. ^ Senna Interview. Autosport (Haymarket Consumer Media). 24 January 1994, 134 (4): 28. ISSN 0269-946X. 
  2. ^ Senna retrospective. BBC News. 21 April 2004 [26 April 2010]. 
  3. ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Jones, Dylan. The last 96 hours of Ayrton Senna. 8wforix. 22 April 2011 [9 September 2012]. （原始内容存档于31 October 2012）. 
  4. ^ Sam Tremayne. A racer through and through - Ratzenberger remembered. Formula 1. [6 May 2019]. 
  5. ^ Hamilton, Maurice. Frank Williams. Macmillan. 1998: 234. ISBN 0-333-71716-3. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Thomsen, Ian. Suddenly, Death Returns to Formula One Auto Racing. The New York Times. 2 May 1994 [20 October 2012]. 
  7. ^ Ciccarone, Paolo. Ricordando Senna. Quel giorno a Imola, con la morte in pista [Remembering Senna. That day in Imola, with death on the track]. AutoMoto Italia. 27 April 2018 [25 September 2020] （意大利语）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Williams 2010，第143页.
  9. ^ Wilson, James. History of the F1 Safety Car and it's [sic] impact on Formula One. Enter F1. 21 April 2009 [March 5, 2021]. 
  10. ^ Hassall, David. Senna 20th anniversary. 1 May 2014 [3 April 2015]. 
  11. ^ Williams 2010，第154页. "Senna's speed was 192 m.p.h. when he entered Tamburello, and 131 m.p.h. when he hit the wall."
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 The death of Ayrton Senna: His last 100 hours. 25 February 2008 [4 June 2011]. （原始内容存档于25 February 2008）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 James, Matt. Senna: The Untold Story. F1 Racing (Haymarket Publications). 2010, (January 2011). 
  14. ^ The last 96 hours of Ayrton Senna. [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）. 
  15. ^ Watkins, Sid. Life at the Limit: Triumph and Tragedy in Formula One. Pan Books. 1996: 10. ISBN 0-330-35139-7. 
  16. ^ Watson, John (Commentator). Eurosport Live Grand Prix (Television). Eurosport. 1994. 
  17. ^ Lorenzini, Tommaso. Ayrton Senna, il racconto della dottoressa: "Così mi morì in braccio". Libero Quotidiano. 23 April 2014 [12 December 2014]. 
  18. ^ Longer, Andrew. Ayrton Senna: The Last Hours. The Times. 31 October 1994: 30. Back at the track, in the shattered remains of Senna's car, they discovered a furled Austrian flag Senna had intended to dedicate his 42nd grand prix victory to Ratzenberger's memory. 
  19. ^ How to Build a Car - Book by Adrian Newey
  20. ^ Motor Racing: Prost's touching tribute to Senna: Friends and colleagues bear a champion's body to his grave. The Independent (London). 6 May 1994 [9 September 2012]. 
  21. ^ 'Senna would have beaten Schumacher in equal cars' – Motor Racing, Sport. The Independent (UK). 22 April 2004 [24 June 2009]. 
  22. ^ David Tremayne; Mark Skewis; Stuart Williams; Paul Fearnley. Track Topics. Motoring News (News Publications Ltd.). 5 April 1994. 
  23. ^ Max went to Roland's funeral. f1racing.net. 23 April 2004 [28 October 2006]. （原始内容存档于17 February 2005）. 
  24. ^ Hamilton visits grave of F1 superstar Senna. Crash.net. 17 Oct 2009 [17 Aug 2020]. 
  25. ^ アイルトン・セナの去った夜. （原始内容存档于11 July 2011） （日语）. 
  26. ^ Silverio, Ricky. MOTORSPORT: Why Ayrton Senna is a Japanese hero. Japanese Nostalgic Car. 2014-05-01 [2020-07-25] （美国英语）. 
  27. ^ 1994 Monaco Grand Prix Report. Motorsport.com. 8 May 1994 [17 Aug 2020]. （原始内容存档于31 August 2020）. 
  28. ^ Drivers remember Ayrton Senna on anniversary of death NASCAR
  29. ^ Turner, Rik. Motor Racing: Brazil mourns a national hero: Not since Pele had there been such a hero to his nation.. The Independent (London). 2 May 1994 [9 September 2012]. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Formula One circuit faces tough questions. The Milwaukee Journal. 3 May 1994: C2. [永久失效链接]
  31. ^ Race to death: Grand Prix's poor safety record criticized after pair of fatilities. Allegheny Times. 2 May 1994: B5. 
  32. ^ Harsh criticism Formula I board ripped after Senna death. Toledo Blade. 3 May 1994: 23. 
  33. ^ Race ace Senna killed in car crash. BBC News. 1 May 1994 [28 October 2006]. （原始内容存档于23 September 2006）. 
  34. ^ Brazeau, Jonathan. Senna's death inspired Brazil's 1994 WC run. Sportsnet. May 1, 2014 [March 4, 2021]. 
  35. ^ Allspop, Derek. The Dangers in Sport: Governing body calls a summit. The Independent (London). 3 May 1994. 
  36. ^ Formula One makes 3 safety changes. Reading Eagle. 5 May 1994: D6. 
  37. ^ Sports Digest: From Wire Reports. The Spokane Review. 8 May 1994: C3. 
  38. ^ Official 1994 season review video
  39. ^ Henderson, Charlie. F1's pressing safety question. BBC Sport (BBC). 5 March 2001 [17 October 2012]. 
  40. ^ Andrew Gumbel and Derick Allsop. Senna crash 'caused by adjustment to steering'. The Independent. 25 February 1995 [9 July 2017]. 
  41. ^ Secrets of Senna's black box. Ayrton Senna – The Senna files. 25 February 1995 [13 December 2014]. 
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 42.2 The Senna Files: Ayrton Senna trial news etc: NewSfile No.2. Ayrton Senna. [4 June 2011]. 
  43. ^ 6 acquitted of charges in Ayrton Senna death. Bangor Daily News. 17 December 1997: C7-C8. 
  44. ^ Williams 2010.
  45. ^ 45.0 45.1 Top designers acquitted on Senna. BBC News. 27 May 2005. 
  46. ^ Senna's Car Not Destroyed, Say [sic] Williams. Autosport. 18 April 2002 [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）. 
  47. ^ Tom Rubython, "Life of Senna", chapter 33, "The Trial", p. 473.
  48. ^ Senna death case back in court. BBC Sport (BBC). 28 January 2003 [2 October 2012]. 
  49. ^ Top designers acquitted on Senna. BBC News. 27 May 2005. 
  50. ^ Senna, Head "responsabile" [Senna, Head "responsible"]. Gazzetta dello Sport. [5 March 2021]. （原始内容存档于2 January 2014） （Italian）. 
  51. ^ Williams 2010，第154页.
  52. ^ Williamsdispute [sic] Senna findings. The Independent. 29 March 1996 [2021-03-05]. 
  53. ^ Tremayne, David. Williams fear Senna fall-out. The Independent (UK). 17 December 1995 [4 June 2011]. 
  54. ^ Image processing on Senna's camera car video | Cineca. Cineca.it. 16 December 1997 [1 May 2014]. （原始内容存档于22 July 2012）. 
  55. ^ PIU RISPETTO PER SENNA [MORE RESPECT FOR SENNA]. Ricerca.repubblica.it. 17 September 1997 [5 March 2021] （意大利语）. 
  56. ^ NetLine S.a.s. – http://web.tin.it/netline/. WebRAISport – 17 settembre '97 – Auto: Processo Senna. .raisport.rai.it. [1 May 2014]. （原始内容存档于19 October 2013）. 
  57. ^ Key Moments in Trial. irishtimes.com. [22 November 2016]. 
  58. ^ Williams counters crash claim. www.chinadaily.com.cn. [22 July 2018]. （原始内容存档于23 July 2018）. 
  59. ^ McRae, Donald. Ayrton Senna's death 'changed me physically', says Adrian Newey. The Guardian (London). 16 May 2011. 
  60. ^ Tornano i tormenti di Newey su Senna (senza verità). Omnicorse.it. [1 May 2014]. 
  61. ^ Motor Racing: Williams official claimed 'Senna made mistake': Team. independent.co.uk. 4 May 1994 [22 November 2016]. 
  62. ^ Hill: Senna made fatal mistake – F1 – Autosport. autosport.com. [22 November 2016]. 
  63. ^ 'Driver error caused Senna death'. 22 April 2004. 
  64. ^ Panzariu, Ovidiu. Tire Puncture Might Have Caused Senna's Death – Newey. autoevolution.com. 17 May 2011 [22 November 2016]. 
  65. ^ McRae, Donald. Ayrton Senna's death 'changed me physically', says Adrian Newey. 16 May 2011 [22 November 2016] –通过The Guardian. 
  66. ^ McRae, Donald. Why Adrian Newey just cannot bear to watch the new Senna movie. 16 May 2011 [22 November 2016] –通过The Guardian. 
  67. ^ Patrese 1992 Tamburello right rear tire puncture. YouTube. （原始内容存档于2021-12-13）. 

Sources

Template:Ayrton Senna

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