蒙古

蒙古国
Монгол Улс
蒙古国 Монгол Улс
	国旗国徽
	国歌：《蒙古国国歌》; Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал;
	蒙古国的位置
首都暨最大城市	乌兰巴托
官方语言	蒙古语
官方文字	西里尔文／蒙古文
族群（2010年）	96% 蒙古族; 4% 哈萨克族;
宗教	佛教（53%）; 萨满教（4%）; 伊斯兰教（3%）
政府	单一制半总统制共和国
• 总统	哈勒特马·巴特图勒嘎
• 总理	乌赫那·呼日勒苏赫
立法机构	国家大呼拉尔
建国历史
• 蒙古帝国建立	1206年
• 外蒙古宣布从清朝独立	1911年12月29日
• 蒙古人民共和国; 建立	1924年11月26日
• 加入联合国	1961年10月27日
• 现行宪法通过，蒙古国建立	1992年2月13日
面积
• 总计	1,564,116平方公里（第19名）
• 水域率	0.43%
人口
• 2018年估计	3,200,200（第137名）
• 密度	1.97/平方公里（第238名）
GDP（PPP）	2016年估计
• 总计	377亿美元
• 人均	12,275美元（第92名）
GDP（国际汇率）	2016年估计
• 总计	111.64亿美元
• 人均	3660美元
基尼系数	0.365（2011年）; 中
人类发展指数	▼ 0.741（2017年）; 高高 · 第92名
货币	图格里克（MNT）
时区	UTC+7/+8
• 夏令时	UTC+8/+9
日期格式	年/月/日
行驶方位	靠右
电话区号	+976
ISO 3166码	MN
互联网顶级域	.mn, .мон

^ Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script. UB Post. 2011-06-21 [2010-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-01）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Mongolia. World Factbook. CIA. [2015-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-29）.
^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies (United States: University of California, San Diego). September 2005 [2016-02-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-08-19）. |archiveurl=和|archive-url=只需其一 (帮助); |accessdate=和|access-date=只需其一 (帮助); |author=和|last=只需其一 (帮助)
^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). French Politics (Palgrave Macmillan Journals). December 2005, 3 (3): pp. 323–351 [2016-02-21]. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04）. Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal.
^ Odonkhuu, Munkhsaikhan. Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy. ConstitutionNet. International IDEA. 2016-02-12 [2016-02-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-25）. Mongolia is sometimes described as a semi-presidential system because, while the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to the SGKh, the president is popularly elected, and his/her powers are much broader than the conventional powers of heads of state in parliamentary systems.
^ Official landuse balanse data (2007)^{[失效链接]}
^ National Statistical Office of Mongolia. UBSEG.GOV.MN. （原始内容存档于2016-04-15）.
^ Apr 2016
^ Gini Index. World Bank. [2011-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-09）.
^ Human Development Index and its components (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2018-11-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-09-15）.
^ Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7. Time Temperature.com. [2007-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）.
^ Clock changes in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. timeanddate.com. [2015-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-25）.

[1] Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script. UB Post. 2011-06-21 [2010-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-11-01）.

[cia-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Mongolia. World Factbook. CIA. [2015-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-29）.

[Draft-3] Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies (United States: University of California, San Diego). September 2005 [2016-02-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-08-19）. |archiveurl=和|archive-url=只需其一 (帮助); |accessdate=和|access-date=只需其一 (帮助); |author=和|last=只需其一 (帮助)

[Dual-4] Shugart, Matthew Søberg. Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns (PDF). French Politics (Palgrave Macmillan Journals). December 2005, 3 (3): pp. 323–351 [2016-02-21]. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04）. Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal.

[IDEA-5] Odonkhuu, Munkhsaikhan. Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy. ConstitutionNet. International IDEA. 2016-02-12 [2016-02-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-25）. Mongolia is sometimes described as a semi-presidential system because, while the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to the SGKh, the president is popularly elected, and his/her powers are much broader than the conventional powers of heads of state in parliamentary systems.

[6] Official landuse balanse data (2007)^{[失效链接]}

[7] National Statistical Office of Mongolia. UBSEG.GOV.MN. （原始内容存档于2016-04-15）.

[Apr_2016-8] Apr 2016

[wb-gini-9] Gini Index. World Bank. [2011-03-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-09）.

[10] Human Development Index and its components (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2018-11-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-09-15）.

[11] Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7. Time Temperature.com. [2007-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-13）.

[12] Clock changes in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. timeanddate.com. [2015-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-25）.

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