SWI/SNF
SWIB | |||||||||
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鉴定 | |||||||||
标志 | SWIB | ||||||||
Pfam | PF02201(旧版) | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR003121 | ||||||||
SMART | SWIB | ||||||||
SCOP | 1ycr / SUPFAM | ||||||||
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在分子生物学领域,SWI/SNF(英语:SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable)[1][2]是同时存在于真核生物及原核生物中的一种核小体重塑复合物。简而言之,它们是一群与重塑DNA包装方式有关的蛋白质。SWI/SNF由多种蛋白构成,这些蛋白往往是SWI及SNF基因(SWI1、SWI2/SNF2、SWI3、SWI5、SWI6)的产物以及一些其它多肽[3]。SWI/SNF受DNA刺激后表现出ATP酶活性,利用ATP破坏并重塑核小体的组蛋白和DNA之间相互作用的稳定性,不过这种结构改变的精确性质仍未明确。
人体中与SWI/SNF相似的蛋白是BAF(与SWI/SNF-A相似)和PBAF(与SWI/SNF-B相似)。BAF表示“BRG1或HRBM相关因子”,PBAF则表示“聚溴相关的BAF”[4]。
作用机理
人们发现酵母中的SWI/SNF复合物能使DNA在不同的位置与组蛋白结合成核小体[5]。目前已提出两种SWI/SNF重塑核小体的机制[6]。一种机制叫做“扭转扩散”,认为核小体DNA中的扭转缺陷发生单向扩散,使DNA从进入核小体的地方开始贴着组蛋白八聚体的表面螺旋状地传播。另一种机制叫做“突起”或“环再捕获”,意即DNA在核小体边缘与之分离,形成一环状突起。环状突起在组蛋白八聚体表面像波浪般传播,最后在核小体内部重新与之结合。这样DNA就在和组蛋白接触点数量不变的情况下完成位移[7]。最新研究提出了与“扭转扩散”机制相抵触的有力证据,使“环再捕获”模型更有说服力[8]。
肿瘤抑制作用
人类的SWI/SNF复合物(mSWI/SNF)对很多人类恶性肿瘤有抑制作用。1998年首先发现它能抑制横纹肌样瘤(一种罕见的儿童恶性肿瘤)[9]。随着DNA测序成本逐渐降低,2010年左右许多肿瘤首次得到测序。其中数项研究表明SWI/SNF对多种恶性肿瘤有抑制作用[10][11][12][13]。对多个测序研究结果的荟萃分析表明,大约20%的人类恶性肿瘤中SWI/SNF存在变异[14]。
SWIB/MDM2蛋白结构域
SWIB/MDM2蛋白结构域,全称是SWI/SNF复合物B/MDM2蛋白结构域是相当重要的蛋白结构域。这个蛋白结构域在SWI/SNF复合物B和p53肿瘤抑制蛋白的负向调节蛋白MDM2中均存在。已证明MDM2与SWIB复合物同源[15]。
功能
SWIB/MDM2蛋白结构域的主要功能是协助基因表达。在酵母中,它表达BADH2、GAL1、GAL4和SUC2等数个基因。该蛋白结构域作用是促进基因转录。它有ATP酶的活性,能分解细胞基本能量“货币”单位ATP,放出能量以破坏DNA和组蛋白结合的稳定性,从而干扰染色质,并开放可供转录因子结合的位点,这就促进了基因的转录[16]。
系列成员
以下列出酵母SWI/SNF系列基因成员以及人类相应的直系同源基因[17]:
酵母 | 人类 | 功能 |
---|---|---|
SWI1 | ARID1A、ARID1B | 含有LXXLL核受体结合基序 |
SWI2/SNF2 | SMARCA4 | ATP依赖的染色质重塑 |
SWI3 | SMARCC1、SMARCC2 | 功能未知的相似序列 |
SWP73 | SMARCD1、SMARCD2、SMARCD3 | 功能未知的相似序列 |
SWP61 | ACTL6A、ACTL6B | 肌动蛋白样蛋白 |
历史
SWI/SNF首先发现于酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中,以交替(switching,缩写SWI)型和不发酵蔗糖型(sucrose nonfermenting,缩写SNF)型交配后所得的酵母命名[16]。
另见
参考文献 s
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- ^ Stern M, Jensen R, Herskowitz I. Five SWI genes are required for expression of the HO gene in yeast. J. Mol. Biol. 1984, 178 (4): 853–68. PMID 6436497. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(84)90315-2.
- ^ Pazin MJ, Kadonaga JT. SWI2/SNF2 and related proteins: ATP-driven motors that disrupt protein-DNA interactions?. Cell. 1997, 88 (6): 737–40. PMID 9118215. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81918-2.
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- ^ Zofall M, Persinger J, Kassabov SR, Bartholomew B. Chromatin remodeling by ISW2 and SWI/SNF requires DNA translocation inside the nucleosome. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2006, 13 (4): 339–46. PMID 16518397. doi:10.1038/nsmb1071.
- ^ Versteege I, Sévenet N, Lange J, Rousseau-Merck MF, Ambros P, Handgretinger R, Aurias A, Delattre O. Truncating mutations of hSNF5/INI1 in aggressive paediatric cancer. Nature. July 1998, 394 (6689): 203–6. PMID 9671307. doi:10.1038/28212.
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- ^ Shain AH, Giacomini CP, Matsukuma K, Karikari CA, Bashyam MD, Hidalgo M, Maitra A, Pollack JR. Convergent structural alterations define SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeler as a central tumor suppressive complex in pancreatic cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. January 2012, 109 (5): E252–9. PMC 3277150 . PMID 22233809. doi:10.1073/pnas.1114817109.
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