跳转到内容

NCI-60

维基百科,自由的百科全书

NCI-60是美国国家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute,NCI)列出的60种人类癌症细胞系的列表[1],用于抗癌药物筛选等科学研究[2]

细胞系

白血病

细胞系 类型 性别 倍增时间 文献 外部链接
CCRF-CEM 急性淋巴性白血病 26.7h [3] CVCL_0207页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
HL-60 急性早幼粒细胞白血病 28.6h [4] CVCL_0002页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
K-562 慢性髓细胞性白血病 19.6h [5][6] CVCL_0004页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
MOLT-4 急性淋巴性白血病 27.9h [7] CVCL_0013页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
RPMI-8226 多发性骨髓瘤 33.5h [8] CVCL_0014页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SR-786 间变性大细胞淋巴瘤英语Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma 28.7h [9] CVCL_1711页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

非小细胞肺癌

细胞系 性别 倍增时间 文献 外部链接
A549 22.9h [10] CVCL_0023页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
EKVX 43.6h [11] CVCL_1195页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
HOP-62 39h [12] CVCL_1285页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
HOP-92 79.5h [13] CVCL_1286页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
NCI-H226 61h [14] CVCL_1544页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
NCI-H23 33.4h [14] CVCL_1547页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
NCI-H322M 35.3h [14] CVCL_1557页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
NCI-H460 17.8h [14] CVCL_0459页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
NCI-H522 38.2h [14] CVCL_1567页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

结直肠癌

细胞系 性别 倍增时间 文献 外部链接
COLO 205 23.8h [15] CVCL_0218页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
HCC2998 未知 31.5h [14] CVCL_1266页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
HCT 116 17.4h [16] CVCL_0291页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
HCT 15 20.6h [17] CVCL_0292页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
HT-29 19.5h [18] CVCL_0320页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
KM12 23.7h [13] CVCL_1331页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SW620 20.4h [19] CVCL_0547页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

中枢神经系统

细胞系 性别 倍增时间 文献 外部链接
SF-268 33.1h [20] CVCL_1689页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SF-295 29.5h [14] CVCL_1690页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SF-539 35.4h [14] CVCL_1691页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SNB-19 34.6h [21] CVCL_0535页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SNB-75 62.8h [21] CVCL_1706页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
U-251MG 23.8h [22] CVCL_0021页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

黑色素瘤

细胞系 性别 倍增时间 文献 外部链接
LOX-IMVI 20.5h [23] CVCL_1381页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
Malme-3M 46.2h [24] CVCL_1438页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
M14 26.3h [25] CVCL_1395页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SK-MEL-2 45.5h [26] CVCL_0069页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SK-MEL-28 35.1h [26] CVCL_0526页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SK-MEL-5 25.2h [26] CVCL_0527页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
UACC-257 未知 38.5h [13] CVCL_1779页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
UACC-62 未知 31.3h [13] CVCL_1780页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

卵巢癌

细胞系 倍增时间 文献 外部链接
IGROV-1 31h [27] CVCL_1304页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
OVCAR-3 34.7h [28] CVCL_0465页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
OVCAR-4 41.4h [28] CVCL_1627页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
OVCAR-5 48.8h [28] CVCL_1628页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
OVCAR-8 26.1h [28] CVCL_1629页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SK-OV-3 48.7h [29] CVCL_0532页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

肾癌

细胞系 性别 倍增时间 文献 外部链接
786-O 22.4h [30] CVCL_1051页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
A-498 66.8h [31] CVCL_1056页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
ACHN 27.5h [32] CVCL_1067页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
CAKI-1 39h [33] CVCL_0234页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
RXF 393 62.9h [13] CVCL_1673页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SN12C 29.5h [34] CVCL_1705页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
TK-10 51.3h [35] CVCL_1773页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
UO-31 41.7h [14] CVCL_1911页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

前列腺癌

细胞系 性别 倍增时间 文献 外部链接
PC-3 27.1h [36] CVCL_0035页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
DU145 32.3h [37] CVCL_0105页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

乳腺癌

细胞系 类型 倍增时间 文献 外部链接
MCF-7 HR+ 25.4h [38] CVCL_0031页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
MDA-MB-231 三阴性乳癌 41.9h [39] CVCL_0062页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
MDA-MB-468 三阴性乳癌 62h [40] CVCL_0419页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
Hs 578T 三阴性乳癌 53.8h [41] CVCL_0332页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
BT-549 三阴性乳癌 53.9h [42] CVCL_1092页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
T-47D HR+ 45.5h [43] CVCL_0553页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

额外细胞系

细胞系 类型 来源 文献 外部链接
LXFL 529 非小细胞肺癌 人类 [13] CVCL_D085页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
DMS 114 小细胞肺癌 人类男性 [44] CVCL_1174页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SHP-77 小细胞肺癌 人类男性 [45] CVCL_1693页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
DLD-1 结直肠癌 人类男性 [46] CVCL_0248页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
KM20L2 结直肠癌 人类女性 [47] CVCL_D889页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SNB-78 脑瘤 人类男性 [21] CVCL_B321页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
XF 498 脑瘤 人类 [13] CVCL_8928页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
RPMI-7951 黑色素瘤 人类女性 [48] CVCL_1666页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
M19-MEL 黑色素瘤 人类 [13] CVCL_B415页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
RXF-631L 肾癌 人类 [13] CVCL_A780页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
SN12K1 肾癌 人类男性 [34] CVCL_D106页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
P388 白血病 雌性小鼠 [49] CVCL_7222页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
P388/ADR 白血病 雌性小鼠 [14] CVCL_IZ75页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

另见

  • LL-100,100种人类淋巴瘤Lymphoma)与白血病Leukemia)细胞系的列表
  • ICBP43,NCI的“癌症生物学综合计划”(Integrative Cancer Biology Program)列出的43种人类乳腺癌细胞系列表
  • JFCR39,日本癌研究会Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research)列出的39种人类细胞系的列表

参考资料

  1. ^ NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Lines Screen | Discovery & Development Services | Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP). dtp.cancer.gov. [2024-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-24). 
  2. ^ Abaan, OD; Polley, EC; Davis, SR; Zhu, YJ; Bilke, S; Walker, RL; Pineda, M; Gindin, Y; Jiang, Y; Reinhold, WC; Holbeck, SL; Simon, RM; Doroshow, JH; Pommier, Y; Meltzer, PS. The exomes of the NCI-60 panel: a genomic resource for cancer biology and systems pharmacology.. Cancer research. 2013-07-15, 73 (14): 4372–82. PMID 23856246. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3342. 
  3. ^ FOLEY, GE; LAZARUS, H; FARBER, S; UZMAN, BG; BOONE, BA; MCCARTHY, RE. Continuous culture of human lymphoblasts from peripheral blood of a child with acute leukemia. Cancer. April 1965, 18 (4): 522–9. PMID 14278051. S2CID 32647486. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(196504)18:4<522::aid-cncr2820180418>3.0.co;2-j可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ Gallagher, R; Collins, S; Trujillo, J; McCredie, K; Ahearn, M; Tsai, S; Metzgar, R; Aulakh, G; Ting, R; Ruscetti, F; Gallo, R. Characterization of the continuous, differentiating myeloid cell line (HL-60) from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia.. Blood. September 1979, 54 (3): 713–33. PMID 288488. doi:10.1182/blood.V54.3.713.713可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ Lozzio CB, Lozzio BB. Human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell-line with positive Philadelphia chromosome. Blood. March 1975, 45 (3): 321–334. PMID 163658. doi:10.1182/blood.V45.3.321.321可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ Drexler HG. The Leukemia-Lymphoma Cell Line Factsbook. San Diego: Academic Press. 2000. 
  7. ^ Minowada, J; Onuma, T; Moore, GE. Rosette-forming human lymphoid cell lines. I. Establishment and evidence for origin of thymus-derived lymphocytes.. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. September 1972, 49 (3): 891–5. PMID 4567231. 
  8. ^ Matsuoka, Y; Moore, GE; Yagi, Y; Pressman, D. Production of free light chains of immunoglobulin by a hematopoietic cell line derived from a patient with multiple myeloma.. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. August 1967, 125 (4): 1246–50. PMID 6042436. S2CID 9643262. doi:10.3181/00379727-125-32327. 
  9. ^ Su, IJ; Balk, SP; Kadin, ME. Molecular basis for the aberrant expression of T cell antigens in postthymic T cell malignancies.. The American Journal of Pathology. August 1988, 132 (2): 192–8. PMC 1880737可免费查阅. PMID 2456698. 
  10. ^ Giard, DJ; Aaronson, SA; Todaro, GJ; Arnstein, P; Kersey, JH; Dosik, H; Parks, WP. In vitro cultivation of human tumors: establishment of cell lines derived from a series of solid tumors.. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1973-11, 51 (5): 1417–23. PMID 4357758. doi:10.1093/jnci/51.5.1417. 
  11. ^ Aamdal, S; Fodstad, O; Kaalhus, O; Pihl, A. Chemosensitivity profiles of human cancers assessed by the 6-day SRC assay on serially xenografted tumors.. International journal of cancer. 1986-04-15, 37 (4): 579–87. PMID 3957463. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910370417. 
  12. ^ Hubbard, WC; Alley, MC; Gray, GN; Green, KC; McLemore, TL; Boyd, MR. Evidence for prostanoid biosynthesis as a biochemical feature of certain subclasses of non-small cell carcinomas of the lung as determined in established cell lines derived from human lung tumors.. Cancer research. 1989-02-15, 49 (4): 826–32. PMID 2536293. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Monks, A; Scudiero, D; Skehan, P; Shoemaker, R; Paull, K; Vistica, D; Hose, C; Langley, J; Cronise, P; Vaigro-Wolff, A. Feasibility of a high-flux anticancer drug screen using a diverse panel of cultured human tumor cell lines.. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1991-06-05, 83 (11): 757–66. PMID 2041050. doi:10.1093/jnci/83.11.757. 
  14. ^ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 Alley, MC; Scudiero, DA; Monks, A; Hursey, ML; Czerwinski, MJ; Fine, DL; Abbott, BJ; Mayo, JG; Shoemaker, RH; Boyd, MR. Feasibility of drug screening with panels of human tumor cell lines using a microculture tetrazolium assay.. Cancer research. 1988-02-01, 48 (3): 589–601. PMID 3335022. 
  15. ^ Björk, P; Jönsson, U; Svedberg, H; Larsson, K; Lind, P; Dillner, J; Hedlund, G; Dohlsten, M; Kalland, T. Isolation, partial characterization, and molecular cloning of a human colon adenocarcinoma cell-surface glycoprotein recognized by the C215 mouse monoclonal antibody.. The Journal of biological chemistry. 1993-11-15, 268 (32): 24232–41 [2019-12-09]. PMID 7693697. 
  16. ^ Rajput, A; Dominguez San Martin, I; Rose, R; Beko, A; Levea, C; Sharratt, E; Mazurchuk, R; Hoffman, RM; Brattain, MG; Wang, J. Characterization of HCT116 human colon cancer cells in an orthotopic model.. The Journal of surgical research. 2008-06-15, 147 (2): 276–81 [2019-12-31]. PMID 17961596. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2007.04.021. (原始内容存档于2019-12-31). 
  17. ^ Zhao, J; Wen, G; Ding, M; Pan, JY; Yu, ML; Zhao, F; Weng, XL; Du, JL. Comparative proteomic analysis of colon cancer cell HCT-15 in response to all-trans retinoic acid treatment.. Protein and peptide letters. 2012-12, 19 (12): 1272–80 [2020-02-17]. PMID 22670670. doi:10.2174/092986612803521675. (原始内容存档于2020-02-18). 
  18. ^ Martínez-Maqueda, D; et al. HT29 Cell Line. The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health. Springer. 2015: 113–124. ISBN 978-3-319-15791-7. PMID 29787047. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16104-4_11. 
  19. ^ Leibovitz, A; Stinson, JC; McCombs WB, 3rd; McCoy, CE; Mazur, KC; Mabry, ND. Classification of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines.. Cancer research. 1976-12, 36 (12): 4562–9. PMID 1000501. 
  20. ^ Nistér, Monica; Westermark, Bengt. Human Glioma Cell Lines. Atlas of Human Tumor Cell Lines. 1994: 17–42. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-333530-2.50005-8. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Gross, JL; Behrens, DL; Mullins, DE; Kornblith, PL; Dexter, DL. Plasminogen activator and inhibitor activity in human glioma cells and modulation by sodium butyrate.. Cancer research. 1988-01-15, 48 (2): 291–6. PMID 3121170. 
  22. ^ Westermark, B. The deficient density-dependent growth control of human malignant glioma cells and virus-transformed glia-like cells in culture.. International journal of cancer. 1973-09-15, 12 (2): 438–51. PMID 4134536. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910120215. 
  23. ^ Fodstad, O; Aamdal, S; McMenamin, M; Nesland, JM; Pihl, A. A new experimental metastasis model in athymic nude mice, the human malignant melanoma LOX.. International journal of cancer. 1988-03-15, 41 (3): 442–9. PMID 3346110. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910410322. 
  24. ^ Fogh, Jørgen; Trempe, Germain. New Human Tumor Cell Lines. Human Tumor Cells in Vitro. 1975: 115–159. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1647-4_5. 
  25. ^ Zielske, JV; Golub, SH. Fetal calf serum-induced blastogenic and cytotoxic responses of human lymphocytes.. Cancer research. 1976-10, 36 (10): 3842–6. PMID 954005. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Fogh, J; Fogh, JM; Orfeo, T. One hundred and twenty-seven cultured human tumor cell lines producing tumors in nude mice.. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1977-07, 59 (1): 221–6. PMID 327080. doi:10.1093/jnci/59.1.221. 
  27. ^ Bénard, J; Da Silva, J; De Blois, MC; Boyer, P; Duvillard, P; Chiric, E; Riou, G. Characterization of a human ovarian adenocarcinoma line, IGROV1, in tissue culture and in nude mice.. Cancer research. 1985-10, 45 (10): 4970–9 [2020-02-17]. PMID 3861241. (原始内容存档于2020-02-17). 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Hamilton, TC; Young, RC; Ozols, RF. Experimental model systems of ovarian cancer: applications to the design and evaluation of new treatment approaches.. Seminars in oncology. 1984-09, 11 (3): 285–98. PMID 6385258. 
  29. ^ Fogh, J; Fogh, JM; Orfeo, T. One hundred and twenty-seven cultured human tumor cell lines producing tumors in nude mice.. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1977-07, 59 (1): 221–6 [2020-01-17]. PMID 327080. doi:10.1093/jnci/59.1.221. (原始内容存档于2020-01-12). 
  30. ^ Williams, RD; Elliott, AY; Stein, N; Fraley, EE. In vitro cultivation of human renal cell cancer. I. Establishment of cells in culture.. In vitro. 1976-09, 12 (9): 623–7. PMID 1010528. doi:10.1007/BF02797460. 
  31. ^ Giard, DJ; Aaronson, SA; Todaro, GJ; Arnstein, P; Kersey, JH; Dosik, H; Parks, WP. In vitro cultivation of human tumors: establishment of cell lines derived from a series of solid tumors.. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1973-11, 51 (5): 1417–23. PMID 4357758. doi:10.1093/jnci/51.5.1417. 
  32. ^ Kochevar, J. Blockage of autonomous growth of ACHN cells by anti-renal cell carcinoma monoclonal antibody 5F4.. Cancer research. 1990-05-15, 50 (10): 2968–72 [2019-12-02]. PMID 2334900. 
  33. ^ Breuksch, I; Prosinger, F; Baehr, F; Engelhardt, FP; Bauer, HK; Thüroff, JW; Heimes, AS; Hasenburg, A; Prawitt, D; Brenner, W. Integrin α5 triggers the metastatic potential in renal cell carcinoma.. Oncotarget. 2017-12-08, 8 (64): 107530–107542 [2019-12-09]. PMID 29296184. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.22501. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Naito, S; von Eschenbach, AC; Giavazzi, R; Fidler, IJ. Growth and metastasis of tumor cells isolated from a human renal cell carcinoma implanted into different organs of nude mice.. Cancer research. 1986-08, 46 (8): 4109–15. PMID 3731078. 
  35. ^ Bear, A; Clayman, RV; Elbers, J; Limas, C; Wang, N; Stone, K; Gebhard, R; Prigge, W; Palmer, J. Characterization of two human cell lines (TK-10, TK-164) of renal cell cancer.. Cancer research. 1987-07-15, 47 (14): 3856–62. PMID 3594443. 
  36. ^ Kaighn, ME; Narayan, KS; Ohnuki, Y; Lechner, JF; Jones, LW. Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC-3).. Investigative urology. 1979-07, 17 (1): 16–23 [2020-01-13]. PMID 447482. (原始内容存档于2020-01-13). 
  37. ^ Stone, KR; Mickey, DD; Wunderli, H; Mickey, GH; Paulson, DF. Isolation of a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU 145).. International journal of cancer. 1978-03-15, 21 (3): 274–81. PMID 631930. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910210305. 
  38. ^ Lee, Adrian V.; et al. MCF-7 Cells—Changing the Course of Breast Cancer Research and Care for 45 Years. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1 July 2015, 107 (7): djv073. PMID 25828948. doi:10.1093/jnci/djv073. 
  39. ^ Cailleau, R; Young, R; Olivé, M; Reeves WJ, Jr. Breast tumor cell lines from pleural effusions.. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1974-09, 53 (3): 661–74. PMID 4412247. doi:10.1093/jnci/53.3.661. 
  40. ^ Cailleau, R; Olivé, M; Cruciger, QV. Long-term human breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin: preliminary characterization.. In vitro. 1978-11, 14 (11): 911–5 [2020-02-14]. PMID 730202. doi:10.1007/bf02616120. (原始内容存档于2020-02-14). 
  41. ^ Hackett, AJ; Smith, HS; Springer, EL; Owens, RB; Nelson-Rees, WA; Riggs, JL; Gardner, MB. Two syngeneic cell lines from human breast tissue: the aneuploid mammary epithelial (Hs578T) and the diploid myoepithelial (Hs578Bst) cell lines.. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1977-06, 58 (6): 1795–806. PMID 864756. doi:10.1093/jnci/58.6.1795. 
  42. ^ Lasfargues, EY; Coutinho, WG; Redfield, ES. Isolation of two human tumor epithelial cell lines from solid breast carcinomas.. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1978-10, 61 (4): 967–78 [2019-12-07]. PMID 212572. (原始内容存档于2013-12-17). 
  43. ^ Yu, S; Kim, T; Yoo, KH; Kang, K. The T47D cell line is an ideal experimental model to elucidate the progesterone-specific effects of a luminal A subtype of breast cancer.. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2017-05-06, 486 (3): 752–758 [2019-11-30]. PMID 28342866. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.114. 
  44. ^ Kajimoto, S; Horie, M; Manabe, H; Masuda, Y; Shibayama-Imazu, T; Nakajo, S; Gong, XF; Obama, T; Itabe, H; Nakaya, K. A tyrosine kinase inhibitor, beta-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin, induced apoptosis in human lung cancer DMS114 cells through reduction of dUTP nucleotidohydrolase activity.. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2008-01, 1782 (1): 41–50 [2019-12-21]. PMID 18078828. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.11.004. (原始内容存档于2019-12-21). 
  45. ^ Fisher, ER; Paulson, JD. A new in vitro cell line established from human large cell variant of oat cell lung cancer.. Cancer research. 1978-11, 38 (11 Pt 1): 3830–5. PMID 212181. 
  46. ^ Chen, TR; Dorotinsky, CS; McGuire, LJ; Macy, ML; Hay, RJ. DLD-1 and HCT-15 cell lines derived separately from colorectal carcinomas have totally different chromosome changes but the same genetic origin.. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics. 1995-06, 81 (2): 103–8 [2019-12-20]. PMID 7621404. doi:10.1016/0165-4608(94)00225-z. (原始内容存档于2019-12-20). 
  47. ^ Morikawa, K; Walker, SM; Jessup, JM; Fidler, IJ. In vivo selection of highly metastatic cells from surgical specimens of different primary human colon carcinomas implanted into nude mice.. Cancer research. 1988-04-01, 48 (7): 1943–8. PMID 3349467. 
  48. ^ Gerner, RE; Kitamura, H; Moore, GE. Studies of tumor cell lines derived from patients with malignant melanoma.. Oncology. 1975, 31 (1): 31–43. PMID 1161259. doi:10.1159/000225003. 
  49. ^ RABSON, AS; LEGALLAIS, FY; BARON, S. Adaptation to serum-free medium by a phagocytic cell strain derived from a murine lymphoma.. Nature. 1958-05-10, 181 (4619): 1343. PMID 13541471. doi:10.1038/1811343a0.