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电子飞行包

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电子飞行包(英语:electronic flight bag,缩写EFB)是一种电子资讯管理装置,帮助飞行乘员英语Crew(机组)使用更少的纸张,更容易、有效地执行飞行管理任务。它是一种通用计算平台,旨在减少或替代飞行员随身携带的飞行包中常见的纸质参考资料,包括:飞机操作手册、飞行机组操作手册、导航图(包括空中和地面地图)。此外,电子飞行包可以托管专用目的应用程式,以自动执行通常手动完成的其他功能,例如起飞性能参数计算。

电子飞行包的名称取自传统的飞行包英语Flight bag,其通常是飞行员携带到驾驶舱的一个文件袋,重量可达40磅/18公斤或更高。电子飞行包以数字形式取代这些文件。典型的电子飞行包重量通常为1至5磅(0.5到2.2公斤),与手提电脑的重量大致相同,相比纸质文档的重量和体积来说非常轻便。使用电子飞行包有许多好处,但具体的益处取决于操作的大小、使用的应用程式类型、现有的内容管理和分发系统,已部署的应用程式类型。一些常见的益处为:取代传统飞行包以减轻重量,降低成本,减少纸张流程而提高效率等。其他方面还有,可能提升安全性和降低飞行乘员的工作量。

根据FAA的咨询通告(AC No. 120-76C),电子飞行包是主要用于驾驶舱/飞行甲板客舱使用的电子显示系统。

军用变种夜视护目镜英语Night vision device具有安全数据存储、兼容照明、环境强化和军事专用应用和数据。

电子飞行包装置可以显示各类航空数据和执行基本计算(包括性能数据和燃料计算)。在过去,传统上这些功能是使用纸质参考书或由航空公司的“飞行签派”组为飞行机组提供数据来完成。

对于大型和涡轮飞机,FAR 91.503要求在飞机上有导航航图存在。如果操作者唯一的导航航图资讯源在电子飞行包上,操作者必须证明电子飞行包在整个减压事件期间和之后能继续操作,不论高度如何。实现此能力的唯一方法是在密封外壳中使用固态磁盘驱动器或标准旋转质量驱动器。

2015年的电子飞行包市场估计为22.8亿美元,预计2020年将达到42.7亿美元,年复合增长率为13.41%[1]

历史

最早的电子飞行包源自1990年代初,个别飞行员使用他们的个人手提电脑和通用软件(例如电子表格和文字处理程序)执行重量和平衡计算、填写操作表等功能。最早和最广泛的电子飞行包实现之一是,1991年联邦快递(FedEx)部署他们的机场性能便携式电脑,用于在飞机上进行飞机在机场性能计算;它是一个被认为是便携式的商用成品电脑。此外,FedEx在1990年代中期也开始在飞机上部署飞行员接入终端。之后的装置通常是在飞机上使用普通手提电脑连接经认证的坞站(电源和数据接口)。1996年,德国航空公司Aero Lloyd英语Aero Lloyd引进引进两款手提电脑计算性能和访问文档。该系统被称为FMD(Flight Management Desktop,飞行管理桌面),允许Aero Lloyd在Luftfahrt-Bundesamt英语Luftfahrt-Bundesamt(德国民航局)协议下移除驾驶舱内的所有纸质文件和标准起飞重量图表。包括西南航空在内的其他公司也跟进了“随身”的性能电脑,但在飞机上仍保留实体物品。捷蓝航空采取了不同的方法,它将其所有操作文档转换为电子格式,并通过网络分发到手提电脑,发送给飞行员(而不是放在飞机上)。第一个真正的专为取代飞行员整个工具包而设计的电子飞行包(EFB)是1999年由Angela Masson英语Angela Masson获取专利的电子套件包(Electronic Kit Bag,EKB)。[2]

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In 2005 the first commercial Class 2 EFB STC (STC No. ST03165AT) was issued that covered the installation of provisions for the deployment of the navAero t•BagC22 EFB computer and touchscreen display system. The installation was performed by Avionics Support Group, Inc.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) onto a Miami Air页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆波音B737NG. The EFB t•Pad display was deployed using the US Patented (8231081) EFB mounting solution, the cfMount™ . The EFB data was updated using a Terminal Wireless Unit (TWLU) installed at Miami Air's facility, that enabled the EFB to update only the files that had changed on the server. In 2006 MyTravel英语MyTravel Group (a UK charter operation now merged with Thomas Cook英语Thomas Cook airline) became the first to deploy an electronic tech log using GPRS communication, replacing the paper process. Thomas Cook has several years of successful operational experience of an EFB focussed on its UK fleet.

In 2009, Continental Airlines successfully completed the world’s first flight using Jeppesen Airport Surface Area Moving Map (AMM) showing “own ship” position on a Class 2 Electronic Flight Bag platform – which was the navAero t•BagC22 EFB system. The AMM application uses a high resolution database to dynamically render maps of the airport. Through the use of GPS technology, the application show pilots their position (“own-ship”) on the airport surface map. The result is much improved positional/situational awareness among flight crews which is a critical safety factor for reducing runway incursions during ground operations especially at busy commercial airports with complex runway and taxiway layouts. The STC underwhich the navAero EFB system was deployed (ST02161LA) also provided for the dual EFB systems to be cross-connected which allowed for the Airport Moving Map to be shared (or “pushed”) from one EFB system to the other.

从2011年开始, and coinciding with the first anniversary of the release of the Apple iPad, an inventor named Richard Luke Ribich of Maumelle, AR made a number of applications to the USPTO for a series of patents regarding the integration of tablet-style computers with that of transport category (§25) aircraft deployed as EFB devices. The series of patents, which were assigned to ASIG (Avionics & Systems Integration Group of North Little Rock, AR) address the methods and apparatus necessary to successfully and securely integrate consumer tablet-computing devices such as Apple iPad and Microsoft Surface with that of transport category aircraft in both wired and wireless configurations. These patents (US Patent No. 8415925[3][2], Us Patent No. 8581546页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), and US Patent No. 9335796) were issued between April 2013 and May 2016 and address aspects of mounting, device power, aircraft data interfaces and the ability to create custom apps by means of an API library known as a software developers kit (SDK). These patents consider both wired and wireless integration of various tablet computers with that of aircraft power distribution and avionics systems and protect Mr. Ribich's technologies against similar product manufacturing, sale, distribution, use, import/ export and integrated equivalents. Further, in January 2014 the US FAA affirmed these patents as airworthy by issuing ASIG an AML-STC (Approved Model List - Supplemental Type Certificate) for the installation of Class 2 portable EFB provisions for the commercial product known as the flyTab XFB (eXtreme Flight Bag), an ASIG product line, under (STC No. ST11156SC). In June 2014 the Canadian Civil Aviation Authority (TCCA - Transport Canada) issued their own STC for the flyTab XFB (STC No. SA14-51). These patents are currently being enforced throughout the United States and across North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and South America through various treaties and bilateral technology agreements in place between governments.

随着个人计算技术日益紧凑和强大并具有广泛的存储能力,这些装置变得能够在3(1.4公斤)的电脑上存储全世界的所有航空图表,而纸质的全球航图需要80磅(36公斤)的纸张。诸如实时卫星气象和集成全球定位系统(GPS)等新技术进一步扩大了电子飞行包的功能。但是,对于大型商业航空公司,电子飞行包的主要问题并不是飞机上的硬件,而是可靠、有效的将内容更新分发到飞机。

虽然电子飞行包技术在大型航空公司的采用率增长较缓,但自1999年以来,商业运营者已经快速部署电子飞行包,因为这减少了监管负担和有助降低成本。

美国空军特种作战司令部于2012年7月为全球部署购买了超过3,000台基于iPad的电子飞行包。在类似的购买中,空中机动司令部启动了一份多达18,000台基于iPad的电子飞行包的合同。美国空军特种作战司令部内部开发了一种将国家地理空间情报局(NGA)每月航班资讯出版物(FLIP)数据集传输给全世界所有用户的安全方法。

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Both Major Commands (MAJCOMs) pursued independent efforts to ensure continuous Ops for their aircrew.

由于这些先驱者的成功,美国国防部正在协调广泛、综合实施电子飞行包的概念。

在2011年将iPad作为电子飞行包试用后,达美航空在2013年8月宣布将向其飞行员推出Microsoft Surface 2装置,取代允许飞行员使用个人平板电脑作为电子飞行包的政策。[4][5]达美计划在2014年5月将平板电脑推出给所有飞行员[6],在FAA于2月批准后。[7][8][9]

硬件类别

电子飞行包分为三类硬件和三类软件。参考:FAA咨询通告AC 120-76D,EASA可接受合规手段AMC 20-25,ICAO文档10020“电子飞行包手册”及FAA命令8900.1检查员手册(特别是第4卷第15章)了解最新、准确的描述。

注意:随即将发布的AC 120-76D,电子飞行包硬件分类(如下)将被淘汰。展望未来,电子飞行包将被简单地归类为“便携式”或“安装式”。便携式可以考虑为以前的一类和二类区分巩固,而安装式等同于三类。这些简化将减少混淆,并与已经发布的EASA和ICAO指导相协调。

电子飞行包硬件类别包括:

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  • Class 1 – Standard commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment such as laptops or handheld electronic devices. These devices are used as loose equipment and are typically stowed during critical phases of flight. A Class 1 EFB is considered a Portable Electronic Device (PED). Class 1 EFBs, such as Cockpit iPads, may be used to display Type B applications in critical phases of flight provided that they are 'secured and viewable'.
  • Class 2 – Also Portable Electronic Devices, and range from modified COTS equipment to purpose-built devices. Mounting, power (ship's power as primary) or data connectivity of an EFB typically requires the application of an STC, Type Certificate or Amended Type Certificate. (ref: FAA Order 8900.1)
  • Class 3 – Considered "installed equipment" and subject to airworthiness requirements and, unlike PEDs, they must be under design control. The hardware is subject to a limited number of RTCA DO-160E requirements (for non-essential equipment—typical crash safety and Conducted and Radiated Emissions testing). Class 3 EFBs are typically installed under STC or other airworthiness approval.

应用

电子飞行包可以托管广泛的应用程式,分为三个软件类别(参考经修正的AC 120-76,实际范例列表):

  • A类
    • 静态应用程式,例如文档查看器(PDFHTMLXML格式);
    • 飞行机组操作手册及其他印刷文件,例如机场NOTAM
  • B类
    • 静态或动态电子“航图”,包括(但不要求)平移、滚动和缩放;(AC120-76(),附录B)
  • C类

注意:C类应用程式受适航要求的限制,因此必须遵循DO-178()/ED-12()的目标开发。C类应用程式必须在三类电子飞行包上运行。

注意:随着即将发布的AC 120-76D,对C类应用程式的引用将被移除,它们的功能将不再被识别为电子飞行包功能。

法规

根据FAA,一类、二类和三类电子飞行包可以作为飞行员需要携带的纸质手册的替代品。虽然第91部分运营商(不包括私人和公司运营商在内的租用飞机)可以使用其飞行员指挥(PIC)机构批准使用的一类和二类电子飞行包(便携式电子装置),采用OpSpecs(第135部分、第121部分)的运营商必须通过OpSpecs流程的运营批准。

电子飞行包用户和安装人员应了解FAA监察员最近的明确指导。有关电子飞行包操作的授权和适航性/认证要求的指导意见由FAA维护。[10]

根据对FAA咨询通告AC 120-76A的意图澄清,新的检查员手册指南草案包含下列要求:

  • 在一类或二类配置中使用的PED(便携式电子装置)必须满足RTCA DO-160E标准的快速减压测试要求。
  • 在一类或二类配置中使用的便携式电子装置与飞机系统的任何数据连接应当根据补充型号证书、型号证书或改装型号证书执行。
  • 在一类或二类配置中使用的任何便携式电子装置的安装或附件应当根据补充型号证书、型号证书或修订型号证书执行。
  • 电子航图软件:在地面上显示本载具的位置必须满足AC 20-159和/或TSO C-165的要求。
  • 电子航图软件:在一类或二类配置上禁止显示自己的飞行位置。

参考资料

  1. ^ 电子飞行包市场. [2017-01-12]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-18). 
  2. ^ USPTO Patents # 17,974,775页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Masson; Angela Electronic kit bag; and, # 27,970,531页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Masson; Angela Electronic kit bag
  3. ^ Method and apparatus for supplying power to a portable electronic device in an aircraft. US Government. [14 September 2016]. 
  4. ^ Delta Airlines to distribute Surface 2 to pilots after iPad trial. AppleInsider.com. 27 September 2013 [30 September 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-09-30). 
  5. ^ Delta Airlines to equip pilots with Surface 2 tablets. Neowin. 27 September 2013 [15 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  6. ^ Here's The Microsoft Surface 2 Tablet Delta Bought 11,000 Pilots Instead Of IPads. Allure Media. 10 January 2014 [15 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-13). 
  7. ^ Microsoft's Surface 2 cleared for takeoff in cockpit. CBS Interactive. 11 February 2014 [15 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-18). 
  8. ^ FAA clears Surface for takeoff in US cockpits. AOL Tech. 11 February 2014 [15 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-16). 
  9. ^ Microsoft Surface 2 approved by FAA for use in airline cockpits. Neowin. 11 February 2014 [15 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-16). 
  10. ^ FAA: EFB operational authorization and airworthiness/certification requirements (PDF). [2017-01-12]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-01-28). 

有关电子飞行包市场发展的历史性资料,参阅:

  • FAA Order 8900.1(在FSIMS找到),关键词搜索EFB,日期2009年2月(最新与准确的指导)
  • FAA Advisory Circular 120-76C
  • JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet 36