坎贝尔定律
坎贝尔定律(英语:Campbell's law)是一个源自社会学及心理学家唐纳·坎贝尔(Donald T. Campbell)的谚语[1]:“若一个社会指标被用于社会决策的程度越高,这指标就越容易受到腐化的压力影响,也越倾向扭曲和损害这指标所测定的社会过程(The more any quantitative social indicator is used for social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption pressures and the more apt it will be to distort and corrupt the social processes it is intended to monitor)。”[2]
在一个类似的注解上,坎贝尔也写下了以下的内容:
在使用以一般竞争力为导向的正常教学方法的状况下,考试可以是一个学习成效的有用指标;但是当考试分数变成教学的目标时,它就失去作为教育状况有用指标的价值,同时也会导致学校教育受到不当的扭曲。(类似的偏颇也存在于对课程中的客观测验或入学测验的使用之上。)[1]
坎贝尔定律可视为眼镜蛇效应的一个例子。坎贝尔定律的原则有时被用以说明美国学校使用的高利害测验的副作用。[3]这些副作用,有可能会以考试引导教学或赤裸裸地作弊的形式显现。[4]一个例子是“学习─劣势落差”(Learning-Disadvantage Gap)当中的“高利害测验教育法则”。[5]
类似的法则
相近而不同名称的概念也已被提出,其中的例子包括了古德哈特定律(Goodhart's law)和卢卡斯批判(Lucas critique)等等。另一个类似于坎贝尔定律相关的概念,在2006年,在英国研究人员Rebecca Boden与Debbie Epstein在一篇对循证政策(evidence-based policy)这个受到英国首相托尼·布莱尔支持的政策的分析中提出。在这篇研究中,Boden和Epstein提到说,一个尝试将其决策奠基于事实证据之上的政府,最后会产出受到扭曲的资料,而这是因为政府会尝试获取并控制知识产出的过程所致,这使得他们认为受影响的研究结果应当被称为“循政证据”(policy-based evidence)比较恰当。[6]
当一个人扭曲决策过程以改进他们的表现分数时,他们常会有替代性的想法,开始认为说这些基准是测试他们真实表现的良好指标,即使事实不尽然如此也一样。[7]
坎贝尔定律也带来了一个更加正面但复杂的讯息。使用量化和非量化的各种指标来测量进度是重要的[8];然而,将量化资料用于评估之上,可以使这些指标受到扭曲与操纵,因此必须使用坚实的量度以减少资讯受到变造与操纵的可能性。在“对规划之下的社会改变的影响的评估”(Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change)[9]一文中,坎贝尔强调说“越来越多的用于社会决策的社会指标受到了腐化的压力,且倾向于扭曲和损害这指标所监测的社会过程。”坎贝尔定律也让人们注意到了像是有教无类法案和力争上游计划(Race to the Top)等所处的状态可能会损害教育。[10]
参见
注解
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Campbell, Donald T. Assessing the impact of planned social change. Evaluation and Program Planning. 1979, 2 (1): 67–90. doi:10.1016/0149-7189(79)90048-X.
- ^ (p. 85)原文:"The more any quantitative social indicator is used for social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption pressures and the more apt it will be to distort and corrupt the social processes it is intended to monitor."
- ^ What is Campbell's Law Diane Ravich's Blog 25 May, 2012. [2018-12-05]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-18).
- ^ Aviv, Rachel. Wrong Answer. The New Yorker. 2014-07-21 [2018-12-05]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-06).
- ^ All Arts All Kids and Stop High-Stakes Standardized Testing - The Learning-Disadvantage Gap. www.allartsallkids.org. [2018-12-05]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-15).
- ^ Boden, Rebecca; Epstein, Debbie. Managing the research imagination? Globalisation and research in higher education. Globalisation, Societies and Education. 2006, 4 (2): 223–236 [2018-12-05]. doi:10.1080/14767720600752619. (原始内容存档于2022-01-20).
- ^ Bentley, Jeremiah W. Decreasing Operational Distortion and Surrogation through Narrative Reporting. Rochester, NY. 2017-02-24. SSRN 2924726
.
- ^ Quantitative & Qualitative Indicators. Monitoring & Evaluation. [2018-06-30]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-30) (英语).
- ^ Assessing the impact of planned social change. Evaluation and Program Planning. 1979-01-01, 2 (1): 67–90 [2018-12-05]. ISSN 0149-7189. doi:10.1016/0149-7189(79)90048-X. (原始内容存档于2018-04-27) (英语).
- ^ Trust but verify: The real lessons of Campbell’s Law | The Thomas B. Fordham Institute. edexcellence.net. [2018-06-30]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-30) (英语).
参考资料
- Rothstein, Jesse (University of California - Berkeley) "Review of Learning About Teaching" National Education Policy Center, 1/13/11. http://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/review-learning-about-teaching(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- "Learning About Teaching" Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 12/10/10. http://www.gatesfoundation.org/college-ready-education/Documents/preliminary-findings-research-paper.pdf(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Berliner, David C. & Nichols, Sharon L. "High-Stakes Testing Is Putting the Nation At Risk" Education Week, 3/12/07. http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2007/03/12/27berliner.h26.html(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Nichols, Sharon L. & Berliner, David C. "The Inevitable Corruption of Indicators and Educators Through High-Stakes Testing" The Great Lakes Center for Education Research & Practice, East Lansing, MI, March 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20170709050743/http://epsl.asu.edu//epru/documents/EPSL-0503-101-EPRU.pdf
- Nichols, S. L., & Berlner, D. C. (2007). Collateral Damage: How high-stakes testing corrupts America's schools Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press
- Tony Waters, "Campbell's law, planned social change, Vietnam war deaths, and condom distributions in refuge camps(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" at Ethnography.com