古巴尔干语族

古巴尔干语族是印欧语系下一个已经灭绝的分支，包含了古代巴尔干地区使用的各种语言，除了古希腊语以及少数弗里吉亚语和梅萨比语资料以外，古巴尔干语族相关语言的资料十分稀少，导致相关研究受到影响。其他相关语言还有阿尔巴尼亚语、色雷斯语和古马其顿语。

受到希腊化、罗马化和斯拉夫化的影响，古巴尔干语言到现代仅存的孑遗是希腊语和阿尔巴尼亚语，后者来自伊利里亚语、色雷斯语、达契亚语或其他相关语言。^[1]^[2]^[3]

系属分类

原始印欧语
- 古巴尔干语言联盟^[4]
  - 未分类
    - 伊利里亚语^[5]
      - 规范伊利里亚语（或东南达尔马提亚语）^[5]^[6]
      - 中达尔马提亚（或达尔马提亚-潘诺尼亚）^[5]^[6]
      - (?) 利布尔尼亚语^[5]^[6]
    - 梅萨比语^[7]
    - (?) 达契亚-色雷斯语^[8]
      - 色雷斯语
      - (?) 达契亚-默埃西亚语^[9]^[10]
        达契亚语、默埃西亚语、盖塔语^[11]
    - (?) 密细亚语
    - 培奥尼亚语
    - 原始阿尔巴尼亚语^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]（是伊利里亚语一部分，还是属于达契亚-色雷斯语支，还是来自另一种未分类的古巴尔干语言，仍有争议）^[16]
  - (?) 希腊-弗里吉亚语^[17]
    - 希腊语族^[18]
      - (?) 古马其顿语^[19]^[20]^[21]
      - 原始希腊语
        古希腊语（特别是北部方言）^[4]
    - (?) 弗里吉亚语 / 亚美尼亚-弗里吉亚语（弗里吉亚语和原始亚美尼亚语的共同祖先）^[22]

细分假说

伊利里亚语是一组据说是印欧语的语言，其与其他印欧语、与古巴尔干语（其中许多可能是伊利里亚语的分支）的关系知之甚少，目前仍在研究中。伊利里亚语一般认为是颚音语，但也有咝音的证据。现在伊利里亚语语料的主要信源有传世文献中的大量词汇、民族称呼、人名、地名、水名等。^[23]

将伊利里亚语和梅萨比语划到一起的假说已经提出了有一个世纪，仍未被证实。这基于文献、考古和专名现象的考虑。梅萨比语物质文化与伊利里亚语有许多相似之处；有些梅萨比语人名与伊利里亚语很相似。

将伊利里亚语和利布尔尼亚语、威尼托语划到一起的假说现在已经不流行，它们可能有较大差别^[24]。

将伊利里亚语和达契亚语、色雷斯语划在一起，构成色雷斯-伊利里亚语的假说^[25]与以密细亚语代替伊利里亚语位置的达契亚-色雷斯语假说存在竞争。^[26]色雷斯语本身的系属分类存在很大争议。

培奥尼亚语的分类地位不明。^[27]有人认为培奥尼亚语就是一种伊利里亚语或色雷斯语。弗里吉亚语则一般认为很接近希腊语。^[28]

古马其顿语的分类及其与希腊语的关系也不确定。有文献称古马其顿语是一种多利亚希腊语，不过也有可能它们只是形成了语言联盟。^[29]

阿尔巴尼亚语

现在一般认为阿尔巴尼亚语不来自于希腊语，^[15]历史与地理证据表明其可能是伊利里亚语，在古典时代基本上分布在同一片地区。也有假说认为，其来自色雷斯语或达契亚-默埃西亚语。^[2]^[3]^[30]但关于这些语言，现在所知还太少，不足以证明或证伪这些假说。^[31]

另见

参考文献

^ Simmons, Austin; Jonathan Slocum. Indo-European Languages: Balkan Group: Albanian. Linguistics Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin. [2012-09-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-16）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Fortson IV 2011，第446页.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Villar 1996，第313–314页.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 2017-12-18: 8. ISBN 978-3-11-053213-5 （英语）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 De Simone 2017，第1868页.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing. 2011: 24. ISBN 978-90-272-1185-9 （英语）.
^ Matzinger 2015，第65–66页.
^ Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. Cambridge ancient history. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1970: 840. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0.
^ Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1970: 876. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3 （英语）. Such a lexical difference would, however, be hardly enough evidence to separate Daco-Moesian from Thracian [...]
^ Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov. Trakite i technijat ezik [Thacian and their Languages]. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 1977: 282 （保加利亚语）.
^ Price, Glanville. Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. 2000. ISBN 0-631-22039-9. , p. 120
^ Orel, Vladimir. A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian. Brill. 2000: 12. ISBN 978-90-04-11647-4 （英语）.
^ Matasović, Ranko. A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European (PDF). Zagreb. 2019: 39 [2023-10-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-09-09）.
^ Matzinger 2017，第1790页.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 Katicic 2012，第184页: "And yet we know that it is the continuation of a language spoken in the Balkans already in ancient times. This has been proved by the fact that there are Ancient Greek loan words in Albanian".
^ Hamp 1963，第104页.
^ Brixhe, Claude. Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire. Adams, J. N.; Janse, M.; Swaine, S. (编). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text. Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-924506-2 （英语）.
^ Blažek 2005.
^ Brixhe 2017，第1863页.
^ Philipp Strazny ed., Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 1135455228, p. 116.
^ Olga M. Tomic, Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features, Volume 67, Springer, 2006, ISBN 1402044887, p. 38.
^ I. M. Diakonoff The Problem of the Mushki 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2011-08-25. in The Prehistory of the Armenian People
^ West, M. L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. OUP Oxford. 2007-05-24: 15. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 （英语）.
^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0631198075, p. 183,"We may begin with the Venetic peoples, Veneti, Carni, Histri and Liburni, whose language set them apart from the rest of the Illyrians...."
^ Cf. Paglia, Sorin (2002),"Pre-Slavic and Pre-Romance Place-Names in Southeast Europe." 'Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Thracology', Sofia, Bulgarian Institute of Thracology – Europa Antiqua Foundation – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, I, 219–229, who states: "According to the available data, we may surmise that Thracian and Illyrian were mutually understandable, e.g. like Czech and Slovak, in one extreme, or like Spanish and Portuguese, at the other."
^ Vladimir Georgiev (1960), Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39–58.
^ Paeonia | historical region. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2020-05-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-05）（英语）.
^ Brixhe, Cl. "Le Phrygien". In Fr. Bader (ed.), Langues indo-européennes, pp. 165–178, Paris: CNRS Editions.
^ Masson, Olivier. [Ancient] Macedonian language. Hornblower, S.; Spawforth A. (编). The Oxford Classical Dictionary revised 3rd. USA: Oxford University Press: 905–906. 2003 [1996]. ISBN 0-19-860641-9.
^ Katicic 2012，第184–188页.
^ Mallory & Adams 1997，第9页

资料

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Brixhe, Claude. Macedonian. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (编). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2017 [2023-10-04]. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. （原始内容存档于2023-04-23）（英语）.
Crossland, R.A.; Boardman, John. "Linguistic problems of the Balkan area in the late prehistoric and early Classical period" in The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. 1982. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
De Simone, Carlo. Illyrian. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (编). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2017 [2023-10-04]. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. （原始内容存档于2023-01-22）（英语）.
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction 2nd. Blackwell Publishing. 2011 [2023-10-04]. ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8. （原始内容存档于2023-04-23）.
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Harmatta, János. Zum Illyrischen. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 1967, 15: 231–234.
Katicic, Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Walter de Gruyter. 2012. ISBN 978-3111568874.
Krahe, Hans. Lexikon altillyrischen Personennamen. Heidelberg. 1929.
Krahe, Hans. Das Venetische: seine Stellung im Kreise der verwandten Sprachen. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse. 1950, 3: 1–37.
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Matzinger, Joachim. The Lexicon of Albanian. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (编). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2017 [2023-10-04]. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. （原始内容存档于2023-01-22）（英语）.
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系属分类

细分假说

阿尔巴尼亚语

另见

参考文献

资料

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