元認識論
元認識論是元哲學的主題和認識論的研究方法。它的目的為構建我們知識的知識以及了解本身的知識。
在元認識論中,有兩種基本研究元認識論的方法:傳統的規範認識論和自然認識論。
傳統的認識論一直關注正當性。根據傳統的知識模型,命題p是若且唯若 :
- X相信p,
- p是真的,
- X有理由相信p
自笛卡爾時代以來,笛卡爾一直試圖建立獲取真實信念的標準,並確定我們有理由相信的信念。因此,認識論的主要項目就是闡明這種知識概念中的辯證條件,以形成合理的真實信念。
自然認識論始於20世紀的威拉德·范奧曼·蒯因。他的主張被稱為「替代自然主義」。這套理論是要從認識論中刪除一切規範性描述。他希望把認識論與經驗心理學的理論結合,以使每一個認識論的陳述都被經驗心理陳述所取代。
定義
認識論是知識的研究和理論,它包括以下問題:什麼是知識?如何獲取、測試、存儲、修訂、更新和檢索知識?
元認識論的目標是確定不正確的傳統假設,或者是迄今為止被忽略的概括範圍。然而,儘管認識論通常被視為哲學的一個分支,但它也會以生物學中的例子為例,它們在研究方式上似乎是相關的。
參見
參考文獻
- Ashby, William Ross. Design for a Brain reprint. BiblioBazaar. 2011. ISBN 978-1-175-96872-2.
- Anthony_Stafford_Beer|Beer, Anthony Stafford (1972/1981) Brain of the Firm. Wiley: NY & London.
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- Furth, H.J. (1969) Piaget and knowledge. Prentice-Hall: NJ.
- Gruber, H.E. and J.J.Vonèche (eds) (1977) The Essential Piaget. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London.
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- Nitsch, F.A. (1796/1977) A View of Professor Kant's Principles of Man, World and the Deity. Yale University facsimile.
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- Piaget, Jean (1949/1950) Traité de logique, Armand Collin: Paris. — Republished (1972) as Essai de Logique Operatoire, Dunod.
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- Karl_Popper|Popper, Karl (1934/1959/1972) Logik der Forschung / The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson: London.
- Popper, Karl (1975/1994) "The rationality of scientific revolutions"; (i) in Rom Harré (ed.) (1975) Problems of Scientific Revolution. Scientific Progress and Obstacles to Progress in the Sciences, The Herbert Spencer Lectures 1973, Clarendon Press, Oxford. — Also in (ii) M.A.Notturno (ed.)(1994) The Myth of the Framework: In defence of science and rationality; Routledge, London; ISBN 0-415-11320-2; pp. 1–32.
- Thagard, Paul (1992) Conceptual Revolutions. Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-02490-1 — Or try his actual "ECHO" software, now accessible online: [1] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Traill, R.R. (1978) Thesis [on Piaget and Ashby etc.]. Cybernetics|Cybernetics]] Department, Brunel_University|Brunel University. [2] — plus collection of related papers (1976/2007) [3] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Traill, R.R. (1999) "Four Learning-system Types (Epistemologies): with a Common Basic Strategy" — Chapter 4, within Mind and Micromechanism. Ondwelle, Melbourne. [4] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) — ISBN 0-9577737-0-6
- Traill, R.R. (2006 / 2008) Thinking by molecule, synapse, or both? — From Piaget's schema, to the selecting/editing of ncRNA Ondwelle, Melbourne. [5] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) — ["Table S" is in the 2008 Supplement, p. 31.] — also available in French / aussi en français: [6] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Whitehead, A.N. and B.Russell (1910–1913) Principia Mathematica. Cambridge University Press.
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