伊比利亞板塊
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伊比利亞板塊不僅包含伊比利亞半島,還形成了科西嘉島、撒丁島、巴利阿里群島、布里揚松地塊。今日的伊比利亞板塊是歐亞板塊的一部分。[2][3]
新生代
伊比利亞板塊產生於650–550Ma新元古代末的卡多米造山運動,發生於岡瓦納大陸的邊緣,包含中伊比利亞板塊、奧薩-莫雷納板塊、南葡萄牙板塊等島弧的碰撞和增生。這三個板塊自那時起從未徹底分開過(López-Guijarro 等人 2008)。
中生代
非洲在晚侏羅世開始向東移動,形成皮埃蒙特-利古里亞洋。與此相關的下沉產生了東部的巨厚沉積物和西班牙中部下拉區的部分沉積殘留。東部的張裂分兩個階段,較早的從晚二疊世持續到三疊世,較晚的從晚侏羅世持續到早白堊世。
在南部,形成於晚三疊世和里阿斯世淺海的碳酸鹽、碎屑沉積形成了一個陸棚,並在托阿爾期(早侏羅世190Ma)張裂,活躍期大約持續到160Ma。這一熱力下沉一直持續到中生代結束,將北美洲與非洲分離的斷裂帶形成了一個轉換帶(Andeweg 2002)。張裂分為三疊紀晚期和侏羅紀早期的兩個階段,包含伊比利亞西緣的擴展和下沉。葡萄牙以西外海的伊比利亞深海平原形成於126Ma。這使得紐芬蘭大淺灘與加利西亞淺灘、弗萊明角在約118Ma分開。到110Ma的早白堊世時。張裂也發生於西緣和西北緣。
在盤古大陸內,伊比利亞板塊與阿莫里凱地塊(法國北部)相連。早白堊世盤古大陸分裂時,比斯開灣在約126Ma左右開始張裂,到85Ma完成,創造出比斯開深海平原,並將伊比利亞板塊從特里維廉崖邊上剝落。這一時期伊比利亞板塊逆時針旋轉、與亞歐大陸相連,使利古里亞盆地俯衝到東側地層上,形成Betic岩層推覆體。85Ma後,大西洋開始在愛爾蘭和格陵蘭之間張裂,使得比斯開灣的張裂半途而廢(Andeweg 2002)。
新生代
伊比利亞板塊的旋轉與比利牛斯山的形成很難確定有關。對紐芬蘭大淺灘開始的詳細海床航空磁測顯示,伊比利亞自晚白堊世至始新世中期都與非洲板塊一起運動,生長板塊邊緣從比斯開灣向西擴展。沿這一邊界的運動停止時,出現了一條將國王海槽的擴展與比利牛斯沿線的壓縮相連的邊界。[4][5]
自漸新世晚期開始,伊比利亞板塊逐漸與歐亞板塊合體,歐亞板塊和非洲板塊的界線位於亞速爾–直布羅陀斷裂帶。[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
中新世早期伊比利亞板塊的持續旋轉再次將其從歐亞大陸上分離下來,創造了連接地中海和大西洋的直布羅陀海峽。[15][16]伊比利亞板塊接着旋轉使直布羅陀海峽在約596萬年前中新世墨西拿期重新閉合,催生了地中海徹底蒸發殆盡的墨西拿鹽度危機(Krijgsman 等人 1996)。
伊比利亞地理
伊比利亞半島的核心地區包含華西力時期的克拉通板塊,即所謂伊比利亞地塊。其東北部為比利牛斯褶皺帶,東南與貝蒂科山脈相連,它們都屬於阿爾卑斯帶。半島西緣是大西洋湧出的岩漿形成的大陸邊緣。海西褶皺帶的東部大部都被中生代和第三紀岩層埋覆,也在伊比利亞山脈和加泰羅尼亞沿海地帶露頭。
另見
書目
註釋
- ^ 地圖基於Franke (1992, 2000)、Matte (2001)、von Raumer et al. (2003)和Walter (2003)
- ^ Schmid, Stefan M. Description of the Western and Central Alps. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, University of Basel. (原始內容存檔於2005-12-19).
- ^ Le Bayon & Ballèvre 2006.
- ^ Andeweg 2002.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Srivastava et al.
- ^ Le Pichon & Sibuet 1971.
- ^ Le Pichon, Sibuet & Francheteau 1971.
- ^ Sclater, Hellinger & Tapscott 1977.
- ^ Grimaud, S.; Boillot, G.; Collette, B.J.; Mauffret, A.; Miles; P.R.; Roberts, D.B. Western extension of the Iberian-European plate-boundary during early Cenozoic (Pyrenean) convergence: a new model. Marine Geology. January 1982, 45 (1–2): 63–77. Bibcode:1982MGeol..45...63G. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(82)90180-3.
- ^ JL Olivet; JM Auzende; P Beuzart. Western extension of the Iberian-European plate boundary during the Early Cenozoic (Pyrenean) convergence: A new model — Comment. Marine Geology. September 1983, 53 (3): 237–238. Bibcode:1983MGeol..53..237O. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(83)90078-6.
- ^ S. Grimaud; G. Boillot; B.J. Collette; A. Mauffret; P.R. Miles; D.B. Roberts. Western extension of the Iberian-European plate boundary during the Early Cenozoic (Pyrenean) convergence: A new model — Reply. Marine Geology. September 1983, 53 (3): 238–239. Bibcode:1983MGeol..53..238G. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(83)90079-8.
- ^ Olivet et al. 1984.
- ^ Schouten, Srivastava & Klitgord 1984.
- ^ Savostovin et al. 1986.
- ^ Martín et al. 2009.
- ^ Seber et al. 1996.
參考
- Andeweg, Bernd. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Iberian Peninsula, causes and effects of changing stress fields (學位論文). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 2002 [2022-01-12]. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-28).
- Benjamin Le Bayon; Michel Ballèvre. Deformation history of a subducted continental crust (Gran Paradiso, Western Alps): continuing crustal shortening during exhumation. Journal of Structural Geology. May 2006, 28 (5): 793–815. Bibcode:2006JSG....28..793L. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.02.009.
- Krijgsman, W. A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. August 1996, 142 (3–4): 367–380. Bibcode:1996E&PSL.142..367K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4 (英語).
- López-Guijarro, Rafael; Armendáriz, Maider; Quesada, Cecilio; Fernández-Suárez, Javier; Murphy, J. Brendan; Pin, Christian; Bellido, Felix. Ediacaran–Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the Ossa Morena and Central Iberian zones (SW Iberia) as revealed by Sm–Nd isotope systematics (PDF). Tectonophysics. December 2008, 461 (1–4): 202–214 [2022-01-12]. Bibcode:2008Tectp.461..202L. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.06.006. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-11-28) (英語).
- José M. Martín; Juan C. Braga; Julio Aguirre; Ángel Puga-Bernabéu. History and evolution of the North-Betic Strait (Prebetic Zone, Betic Cordillera): A narrow, early Tortonian, tidal-dominated, Atlantic–Mediterranean marine passage. Sedimentary Geology. 15 April 2009, 216 (3–4): 80–90. Bibcode:2009SedG..216...80M. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.01.005.
- Olivet, J.L., Bonnin, J., Beuzart, Paul & Auzende, Jean-Marie. Cinématique de l'Atlantique Nord et Central [Kinematics of the North and Central Atlantic] (PDF). Publication du Centre National Pour I'Exploitation des Ocean (Cnexo). Rapports scientifiques et techniques (Paris: Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne, Brest). October 1984, 54: 1–108 [2022-01-12]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-07-21) (法語).
- Le Pichon, X.; Sibuet, J.C. Western extension of boundary between European and Iberian plates during the Pyrenean orogeny. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. September 1971, 12 (1): 83–88. Bibcode:1971E&PSL..12...83L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.493.7034
. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(71)90058-6.
- Le Pichon, Xavier; Sibuet, Jean-Claude; Francheteau, Jean. The fit of the continents around the North Atlantic Ocean. Tectonophysics. March 1977, 38 (3–4): 169–209. Bibcode:1977Tectp..38..169L. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(77)90210-4 (英語).
- L.M. Pinheiro; R.C.L. Wilson; R. Pena dos Reis; R.B. Whitmarsh; A. Ribeiro. The Western Iberia Margin: A Geophysical and Geological Overview (PDF). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific Results. 1996, 149: 3–23. ISSN 0884-5891.
- Savostin, Léonid A.; Sibuet, Jean-Claude; Zonenshain, Lev P.; Le Pichon, Xavier; Roulet, Marie-José. Kinematic evolution of the Tethys belt from the Atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the Triassic. Tectonophysics. March 1986, 123 (1–4): 1–35. Bibcode:1986Tectp.123....1S. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(86)90192-7 (英語).
- Schouten, H.; Srivastava, S. P.; Klitgord, K. Iberian plate kinematics: jumping plate boundaries, an alternative to ball-bearing tectonics. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union. 1984, 65: 190.
- Sclater, J. G.; Hellinger, S.; Tapscott, C. R. J. Paleobathymetry Of Atlantic Ocean From Jurassic To Present. Journal of Geology. 1977, 85 (5): 509–552. Bibcode:1977JG.....85..509S. ISSN 0022-1376. doi:10.1086/628336.
- Seber, D.; Barazangi, M.; Ibenbrahim, A.; Demnati, A. Geophysical evidence for lithospheric delamination beneath the Alboran Sea and Rif—Betic mountains. Nature. 1996, 379 (6568): 785–790. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..785S. doi:10.1038/379785a0. hdl:1813/5287
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- Srivastava, S. P.; Schouten, H.; Roest, W. R.; Klitgord, K. D.; Kovacs, L. C.; Verhoef, J.; Macnab, R. Iberian plate kinematics: a jumping plate boundary between Eurasia and Africa. Nature. April 1990, 344 (6268): 756–759. Bibcode:1990Natur.344..756S. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/344756a0 (英語).