一致歡呼
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一致歡呼(英語:acclamation)是一種早先的天主教教宗選舉方式。
教宗選舉的方式被包含在歷任教宗的宗徒憲章:教宗額我略十五世的Æterni Patris Filius and Decet Romanum Pontificem,教宗烏爾巴諾八世的Ad Romani Pontificis Providentiam以及教宗若望·保祿二世的宗座憲令《主的普世羊群》(Universi Dominici Gregis,1996年)中說明,三種教宗選舉的方式被認定為有效:秘密投票、妥協與一致歡呼。一致歡呼的方式要求全體在場的選舉人一致同意一位候選人成為教宗,而不需要正式的投票過程。正因這種方式不需要事先磋商和會議,被看作是聖神推動了這一過程,也被稱作「quasi-inspiration」。[1]
現今,教宗選舉都是通過秘密投票進行,選舉人員投下秘密選票。最後一次通過妥協進行的選舉被認為是選舉教宗若望二十二世(1316年),而最後一次通過一致歡呼方式當選的是教宗諾森十一世(1676年)。新的規定由教宗若望·保祿二世採用,以正式廢棄這些長期不用的體制而總是採用秘密投票方式進行選舉[1]。2007年,教宗本篤十六世撤銷了若望·保祿二世的修改(該修改被認為有效廢除了三分之二多數的要求,因為任何多數將能夠阻撓選舉直到一個簡單多數足夠選舉另一位教宗),重新確定了三分之二多數的要求[2]。
由一致歡呼選舉出的教宗
選舉年份 | 教宗 | 註釋 |
---|---|---|
236年 | 法彬 | "...and so, divinely inspired, as it were, they chose Fabian with joyous unanimity and placed him in the Chair of Peter."[3] |
590年 | 額我略一世 | [4] |
731年 | 額我略三世 | "the Romans elected him pope by acclamation, when he was accompanying the funeral procession of his predecessor"[5] 「正當他在前任教宗葬禮的隊列里默默行進時,羅馬人通過一直歡呼的方式選他作了教宗。」 |
1073年 | 額我略七世 | On the death of Alexander II (April 21, 1073), as the obsequies were being performed in the Lateran basilica, there arose a loud outcry from the whole multitude of clergy and people: "Let Hildebrand be pope!", "Blessed Peter has chosen Hildebrand the Archdeacon!" Later, on the same day, Hildebrand was conducted to the church of San Pietro in Vincoli, and there elected in legal form by the assembled cardinals, with the due consent of the Roman clergy and amid the repeated acclamations of the people. 拉特朗聖若望大殿中,在亞歷山大二世的葬禮上(1073年4月21日),人群與聖職者們一同爆發出一陣響亮的吶喊聲:「讓Hildebrand作教宗!」,「聖伯多祿已選擇了首席執事Hildebrand!」隨後,在同一天內,Hildebrand被護送到聖伯多祿鎖鏈堂,在那裏樞機們依照教會法,並依照人們的意願,選舉他成為教宗。 |
1621年 | 額我略十五世 | |
1670年 | 克勉十世 | The election is said to have been determined by the sudden cry of the people outside the conclave, "Altieri Papa", which was confirmed by the cardinals. 據說這次選舉由教宗選舉小堂外的人群決定,人群們突然高呼,「Altieri Papa」(Altieri是克雷芒十世的本名),隨後樞機團接受了這一決定。 |
1676年 | 諾森十一世 | The cardinals surrounded him in the chapel of the conclave and in spite of his resistance every one of them kissed his hand, proclaiming him Pope. |
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Universi Dominici Gregis on the vacancy of the apostolic see and the election of the roman pontiff. [2014-05-16]. (原始內容存檔於2007-05-06).
- ^ Pope changes rules for electing successor NEWS.com.au. [2014-05-16]. (原始內容存檔於2009-06-06).
- ^ Meier, Gabriel. "Pope St. Fabian." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 19 Jan. 2010 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05742d.htm (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)>.
- ^ Laska, Vera. (2005). Review of The Great Popes through History: An Encyclopedia, 2 Vols. International Journal on World Peace.
- ^
"Pope St. Gregory III" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
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