科學統一論
科學統一論是科學哲學的一個論點，指所有的科學學科都將合為一體。
概論
縱使物理學和社會學是不同的學科，但科學統一論說，它們原則上是科學的一部分。科學論文的統一通常與自然界中的組織層次相關聯，其中物理學是最基本的，化學的水平於物理學之上，生物學是高於化學，生物學高於生物學，如此類推。此外，細胞、生物和培養物都見於生物學，但它們代表三種不同水平的生物組織。
科學統一論提出可以視科學為一個集（例如，在讓·皮亞傑的1918年作品Recherche中），其中邏輯是數學的基礎，而數學又是力學和物理學的基礎；物理學是化學的基礎，化學是生物學的基礎，生物學是社會學、道德科學、心理學和知識理論的基礎；知識理論是建立在邏輯基礎之上的。[1]
卡爾·路德維希·馮·貝塔郎非在「一般系統理論：科學統一的新方法」（1951）以及保羅奧本海姆和希拉里·懷特哈爾·普特南在「科學作為工作假設的統一」中對科學論文的統一性進行了明確的闡述和初步論證（1958年）。 傑里福多在「特殊科學（或：科學作為一種工作假設的不統一）」（1974），保羅·費耶阿本德在「反對方法」 （1975）和後來的作品以及約翰·杜普雷在「不團結」中的着名論述。科學「（1983）和」物種的紊亂：科學不統一的形而上學基礎「 （1993）。
參見
參考文獻
- ^ Piaget, Jean. Recherche (PDF). www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch. 2006 [9 February 2017]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-13）.
進階閱讀
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- Boyd, Richard; Gasper, Philip; Trout, J. D. (編). The philosophy of science. A Bradford book. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1991. ISBN 0262023156. OCLC 22597466.
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- Odum, Howard T. Energy systems and the unification of science. Hall, Charles A. S. (編). Maximum power: the ideas and applications of H.T. Odum. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. 1995: 365–372. ISBN 0870813625. OCLC 31436211.
- Oppenheim, Paul; Putnam, Hilary. Unity of science as a working hypothesis. Feigl, Herbert (編). Concepts, theories and the mind–body problem. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science 2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1958: 3–36. ISBN 9780816601585. OCLC 2669746. Reprinted in Boyd, Gasper & Trout 1991.
- Pombo, Olga; Torres, Juan Manuel; Symons, John; Rahman, Shahid (編). Special sciences and the unity of science. Dordrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. 2012. ISBN 9789400720299. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2030-5.
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- Ruphy, Stéphanie. Scientific pluralism reconsidered: a new approach to the (dis)unity of science. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2016 [2013]. ISBN 9780822944584. OCLC 951158157.
- Symons, John; Pombo, Olga; Torres, Juan Manuel (編). Otto Neurath and the unity of science. Logic, epistemology, and the unity of science 18. Dodrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. 2011. ISBN 9789400701427. OCLC 723045353. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0143-4.
- Wilson, Malcolm. Aristotle's theory of the unity of science. Phoenix, supplementary volume 38. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2000. ISBN 0802047963. OCLC 43634904. doi:10.3138/9781442670990.
