水性樹脂
水性樹脂是使用水而不是有機溶劑作為介質的聚合物,通常包含所有以水為主要載體的樹脂,其可以是水溶性的、或分散在水中[1][2]。水性樹脂常用於塗料、粘合劑、密封劑、彈性體和複合材料[3][4]。
發展
大多數塗料有四種基本成分—樹脂、溶劑、顏料和添加劑,但主要成分是樹脂[5]。隨着許多國家建立環境保護法規以及石化原料供應問題,促使越來越多化學家及企業轉向開發水性塗料技術,並且由於樹脂/聚合物是塗料中最重要的部分。 水通常是一種低成本(但不是免費)的商品,供應充足,沒有毒性問題.因此以水作為載體來生產油漆、油墨、粘合劑和紡織品施膠劑等的需求一直存在。1960 年代以美國為首開始,水性塗料的用量開始增長,其理由是:1) 降低塗料的可燃性(安全因素); 2) 減少排放到大氣中的揮發性有機物; 3) 成本[6],以上都有助於減少對石油衍生溶劑的依賴。近年來,從立法層面導致的開發壓力導致了水性樹脂越來越受到關注。[7][8][9]
水性樹脂種類
水性環氧樹脂
環氧樹脂系統一般由固化劑和環氧樹脂組成,固化劑和環氧樹脂都可以製成水性的。以助溶劑和表面活性劑的乳化的水性環氧樹脂(分子量 >1000)分散乳液很容易可從市場取得。環氧樹脂主鏈經常被修飾增加親水性以確保乳化性。
乾燥過程中,樹脂顆粒隨着溶劑揮發凝結聚集成膜,為了固化樹脂並使其交聯,通常添加胺基固化劑,稱為雙組分系統[10]。
水性聚氨酯
水性聚氨酯係指分散在水中的聚胺酯樹酯,分為陰離子、陽離子、非離子型,其中以陰離子型最為常見[11]。水性聚氨酯藉由引入親水基團使樹脂能被分散在水中,但親水性基團會導致製成之成品防水性不佳,研究者們正在針對此問題進行開發研究[12],如引入聚二甲基矽氧烷等結構[13]。水性聚氨酯也有二組份版本,由於二組分聚氨酯由多元醇與異氰酸酯及水與異氰酸酯反應固化,因此需要特殊的配方跟合成技術[14][15],例如利用磺酸鹽改質異氰酸酯[16]。
參見
- ^ Bicak, Niyazi; Gazi, Mustafa; Karagoz, Bunyamin. New water-soluble polymer with allyl pendant groups. Designed Monomers and Polymers. 2006-01-01, 9 (2): 193–200. S2CID 101639021. doi:10.1163/156855506776382646.
- ^ Waterborne Resins. Allnex. [2020-03-24]. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-25).
- ^ Padget, John. Polymers for waterbased coatings - A Systematic Overview. JCT Journal of Coatings Technology. 1994, 66 (839): 89–105.
- ^ Annable, T; Brown, R A; Padget, J C; van den Elshout, A. Improvements in the application properties of water-based low VOC coatings. Surface Coatings International. July 1998, 81 (7): 321–329. ISSN 1356-0751. S2CID 59152908. doi:10.1007/bf02700556.
- ^ Waterborne coatings and additives. Karsa, D. R., Davies, W. D., Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), Society of Chemical Industry (Great Britain). Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. 1995. ISBN 0-85404-740-9. OCLC 33164476.
- ^ Jackson, K. Recent advances in water-borne protective coatings. Surface Coatings International. 1999-07-01, 82 (7): 340–343. ISSN 1356-0751. S2CID 135613088. doi:10.1007/BF02720130 (英語).
- ^ Thames S.F. 「Conversion to Water-Soluble/Water-borne polymers」 February 1996 Lecture notes from the University of Southern Mississippi short course
- ^ Waterborne Industrial Coatings: Evolving Perceptions and Technologies. www.coatingstech-digital.org. [2021-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2022-01-28) (英語).
- ^ CoatingsTech - Waterborne Direct-to-Metal Coatings: Enduring Solutions in Corrosion Protection. www.coatingstech-digital.org. [2022-07-07] (英語).
- ^ Richardson F.B 「Water-borne Epoxy Coatings: Past, Present and Future」 Modern Paints and Coatings April 1988 pages 84-88
- ^ Water Based Polyurethanes Dispersions(PUDs)-An Overview. www.linkedin.com. [2020-03-24]. (原始內容存檔於2018-11-10) (英語).
- ^ Xu, Liangfeng. CO2 triggered hydrophobic/hydrophilic switchable waterborne polyurethane-acrylate with simultaneously improved water resistance and mechanical properties. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research (American Coatings Association). July 2021, 18 (4): 989–998. ISSN 1547-0091. S2CID 233176697. doi:10.1007/s11998-021-00476-y.
- ^ He, Xiaoling; He, Jingwei; Sun, Yangkun; Zhou, Xiaopei; Zhang, Jingying; Liu, Fang. Preparation and characterization of cationic waterborne polyurethanes containing a star-branched polydimethylsiloxane. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 2022-07-01, 19 (4): 1055–1066. ISSN 1935-3804. doi:10.1007/s11998-021-00584-9 (英語).
- ^ EP 2523987,Nachshon-Galili, Nitsa & Reut Sussan,「Two-component water-based polyurethane compositions and coatings」,發表於2012-11-21
- ^ The Case for Two-Component Waterborne Polyurethane Coatings. www.pcimag.com. [2020-03-25]. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-25) (英語).
- ^ Peng, Zhongkang. Synthesis and properties of water-dispersible polyisocyanates carrying sulfonate. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 2020, 17 (2): 345–359. S2CID 207989601. doi:10.1007/s11998-019-00277-4.
延伸閱讀
- Epoxy resin technology.. Paul F. Bruins, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. New York: Interscience Publishers. 1968. ISBN 0-470-11390-1. OCLC 182890.
- Flick, Ernest W. Epoxy resins, curing agents, compounds, and modifiers : an industrial guide. Park Ridge, NJ. 1993. ISBN 978-0-8155-1708-5. OCLC 915134542.
- Lee, Henry. Handbook of epoxy resins. Kris Neville [2nd, expanded work]. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1967. ISBN 0-07-036997-6. OCLC 311631322.
- Philip Sherman; British Society of Rheology. Rheology of emulsions: proceedings of a symposium held by the British Society of Rheology ... Harrogate, October 1962. Macmillan. 1963. ISBN 9780080102900.
外部連結
- Covestro (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- DSM (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- DIC (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- PU General Info (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Incorez range (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Allnex website (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Hexion Waterbone Resins (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ARKEMA Waterborne Resins (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Alkyd Emulsions- Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)