1968年圖勒空軍基地B-52墜毀事件

1968年美國圖勒空軍基地B-52墜毀事件，是一起發生在1968年1月21日的飛機墜毀事件，事件中一架美國空軍的B-52轟炸機墜毀。這架B-52轟炸機攜帶了4顆氫彈，執行冷戰期間的鉻穹頂行動（英語：Operation Chrome Dome），在飛越北冰洋的巴芬灣時，因為機艙起火迫使機組人員在迫降前放棄飛機。6名機組人員成功脫險，但其中1名因為沒有彈射座椅，在試圖跳傘時死亡。飛機隨後墜入格陵蘭島西北部美軍圖勒空軍基地附近的北極星海灣，導致4顆氫彈頭破裂並擴散，產生大範圍的放射性污染。

美國和丹麥啟動了一次集中清理和恢復工作，但其中一顆彈頭未被找到。事發後美國戰略空軍的鉻穹頂行動（英語：Operation Chrome Dome）立即終止，這更加突出了此任務的安全和政治風險。隨後一系列的安全措施被加強，並研製出核武器上使用的更穩定的常規炸藥。

1995年，有報告揭發丹麥政府有意對格陵蘭的核武器事故保持緘默，這違反了1957年丹麥的無核區域政策。參與清理的工人因為核輻射產生相關疾病，一直在尋求賠償。2009年3月，時代雜誌認為這次事故是世界上最嚴重的一起核事故。

參考資料

書籍

Blacker, Coit D. & Gloria Duffy (Stanford Arms Control Group). International arms control. Stanford University Press. 1984. ISBN 0-8047-1211-5.
Busch, Nathan E. No end in sight. University Press of Kentucky. 2004. ISBN 0-8131-2323-2.
Christensen, Svend Aage (Danish Institute for International Studies – DIIS). The Marshal's Baton. There is no bomb, there was no bomb, they were not looking for a bomb. DIIS. 2009 [2011-01-21]. ISBN 978-87-7605-331-4. （原始內容存檔於2009-08-17）.
Clarke, Lee Ben. Worst Cases. University of Chicago Press. 2006. ISBN 0-226-10859-7.
Croddy, Eric & James J. Wirtz. Weapons of Mass Destruction. ABC-CLIO. 2005. ISBN 1-85109-490-3.
translated by Henry Myers. Greenland during the Cold War. Danish and American security policy 1945–1968. Copenhagen: Danish Institute of International Affairs (DUPI). 1997-01-17 [2011-01-21]. ISBN 87-601-6922-2. （原始內容存檔於2009-06-01）.
Edwards, Paul & Judy Wajcman. The politics of working life. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-19-927190-9.
Fristrup, Børge. Ice Investigations (PDF). University of Copenhagen. 1970 [2011-01-21]. ISBN 87-550-0006-1. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-12-18）.
Goldblat, Jozef (International Peace Research Institute). Arms control. Sage. 2002. ISBN 0-7619-4016-2.
Hanhimäki, Jussi M. & Odd Arne Westad. The Cold War. Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-19-927280-8.
Heurlin, Bertel & Sten Rynning. Missile defence: international, regional and national implications. Routledge. 2005. ISBN 0-415-36120-6.
Jones, W. Glyn. Denmark: A Modern History. Taylor & Francis. 1986. ISBN 0-7099-1468-7.
Lake, Jon & Mark Styling. B-52 Stratofortress Units in Combat 1955–73. Osprey Publishing. 2004. ISBN 1-84176-607-0.
Mayall, James & Cornelia Navari. The end of the post-war era. Cambridge University Press. 1980. ISBN 0-521-22698-8.
Newtan, Samuel Upton. Nuclear War I and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century. AuthorHouse. 2007. ISBN 1-4259-8510-6.
Ørvik, Nils. Semialignment and Western security. Taylor & Francis. 1986. ISBN 0-7099-1951-4.
Project Crested Ice: A joint Danish-American report on the crash near Thule Air Base on 21 January 1968 of a B-52 bomber carrying nuclear weapons. Vol 65, Part 2. Danish Atomic Energy Commission. February 1970 [2011-01-21]. ISBN 87-550-0006-1. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-19）. |journal=被忽略 (幫助)
Sagan, Scott Douglas. The Limits of Safety. Princeton University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-691-02101-5.
Schwartz, Stephen I. Atomic Audit. Brookings Institution Press. 1998. ISBN 0-8157-7774-4.
Zukas, Jonas A. & William P. Walters. Explosive Effects and Applications. Springer. 2002. ISBN 0-387-95558-5.

期刊及報告

International Peer Review of the Technical Contentof the Project Proposal 'Thule 2007 - Investigation of Radioactive Contamination on Land'. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Commission. 2008-03-03 [2009-09-19]. （原始內容存檔於2009-09-26）.
Aarkrog, Asker. Radio-Ecological Investigations (PDF). USAF Nuclear Safety (Danish Atomic Energy Commission). January 1970 [2009-03-16]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-06-09）.
AEC Observers' Interim Report of Thule Accident, United States Atomic Energy Commission, 1968-02-26, Report, retrieved on 2008-11-13
Broken Arrow - Palomares, Spain (PDF). USAF Nuclear Safety (Directorate of Nuclear Safety, United States Air Force). Sep–Oct 1966, 52 [2009-03-23]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-03-27）.
Broken Arrow - Thule (PDF). USAF Nuclear Safety (Directorate of Nuclear Safety, United States Air Force). Jul–Sep 1968, 60 (1) [2009-03-23]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-03-27）.
Christensen, Svend Aage. The Thule Accident. Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS). 2009-08-03 [2009-08-14]. ISBN 978-87-7605-331-4. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-25）.
Dresser, Col D.S. Host Base Support (PDF). USAF Nuclear Safety (Thule Air Base). January 1970 [2009-04-24]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-06-09）.
Eriksson, Mats. On Weapons Plutonium in the Artic Environment (PDF). Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark: Lund University. April 2002 [2008-11-15]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-12-18）.
Juel, Knud; Gerda Engholm & Hans Storm, Register study of mortality and cancer incidence among Thule workers（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 2005, National Institute of Public Health (Denmark) & Cancer Society (Denmark), Retrieved on 2009-03-30 (Danish)
Juel, Knud. The Thule Episode Epidemiological Followup After the Crash of a B-52 Bomber in Greenland: Registry Linkage, Mortality, Hospital Admissions. Journal of Epidemiological and Community Health (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Clinical Epidemiology). 1992, 46 (4): 336–9 [2009-04-12]. PMC 1059595 . PMID 1431702. doi:10.1136/jech.46.4.336.
Kidder, Ray E. Barrier to Test Ban. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. April 1991, 47: 22.
Nielsen, Sven P. & Per Roos. Thule-2003 – Investigation of Radioactive Contamination. Roskilde: Radiation Research Deptartment, Risø National Laboratory. May 2006. ISBN 87-550-3508-6.
Nielsen, Sven P. Thule Field Report. Risø National Laboratory. 2008-11-17 [2009-03-30]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-09）.
Operations Event/Incident Report (OPREP-3) Reporting (PDF). United States Navy. 2007-06-08 [2009-04-02]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-04-19）.
SAC's Deadly Daily Dozen. Time. 1961-05-17 [2009-04-12]. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-03）.
Thule Status Report, 1968-09-10, United States Atomic Energy Commission, Report, Retrieved on 2008-11-18
The Worst Nuclear Disasters. Time. March 2009 [2009-03-31]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-31）.

網頁

Agger, Jonathan Søborg & Lasse Wolsgård. A Policy of the Utmost Flexibility: Danish Nuclear Weapons Policy 1956-1960. Danish Historical Association via historisktidsskrift.dk. [2009-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）.
B-52 Crash (PDF). Pentagon: National Military Command Center via Nautilus.org. 1968-01-24 [2009-04-12]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-11-20）.
B-52 Crash at Thule Air Base (PDF). United States Atomic Energy Commission. 1968-01-22 [2008-11-13]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-07-25）.
Brooke, James. Greenlanders Wary of a New Role in U.S. Defenses. New York Times. 2000-09-18 [2008-11-11]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-09）.
Corera, Gordon. Radioactive legacy of 'lost bomb'. BBC News. 2008-11-10 [2008-11-15]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-02）.
Corera, Gordon. Mystery of lost US nuclear bomb. BBC News. 2008-11-10 [2008-11-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-23）.
Foreign Relations of the United States 1964–1968, Volume XII, Western Europe: Denmark. United States Department of State. [2008-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2009-06-13）.
Broken Arrow. GlobalSecurity.org. 2005-04-28 [2009-06-22]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-28）.
Hansen, H.C. Danish Prime Minister Gives Tacit Go-Ahead For U.S. Nuclear Weapons In Greenland. The Nautilius Institute. 1957-11-16 [2009-03-20]. （原始內容存檔於2007-11-06）.
Kristensen, Hans M. Denmark's Thulegate. The Nuclear Information Project. 2004 [2009-04-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-09）.
Kristensen, Hans M. Secrecy On A Sliding Scale: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Deployments And Danish Non-Nuclear Policy. The Nautilius Institute. 1999-10-20 [2009-03-20]. （原始內容存檔於2007-12-31）.
Kristensen, Hans M. Following Bomber Crash, U.S. Copenhagen Embassy Urges State Department To Lie About Flight Route. US State Department via Nautilus.org. 1968-01-23 [2009-04-13]. （原始內容存檔於2009-05-05）.
Leyne, Jon. Nuclear bomb 'lost near Greenland'. BBC News. 2000-08-13 [2008-11-15]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-12）.
May, John. The Greenpeace book of the nuclear age; The hidden history - the human cost (PDF). Greenpeace Books: 205. 1989 [2009-04-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-05-05）.
McElwee, Captain Robert E. Project Crested Ice (PDF). United States Navy. March 1968 [2008-11-14]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-06-18）.
Mulvey, Stephen. Denmark challenged over B52 crash. BBC News. 2007-05-11 [2008-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-12）.
Nielsen, S.P.; Roos, P. Thule-2003-Investigation of radioactive contamination. Risø National Laboratory. 2006 [2009-03-20]. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-19）.
Petition 720/2002 by Jeffrey Carswell（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Committee on Petitions, European Parliament, 2004
Petition 720/2002 by Jeffrey Carswell（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Committee on Petitions, European Parliament, 2007
Plummer, David W. & William H. Greenwood. The History of Nuclear Weapon Safety Devices (PDF). Albuquerque: Sandia National Laboratories. June 1998 [2011-01-21]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-01-31）.
Project Crested Ice: The Thule Accident (PDF). History & Research Division, Strategic Air Command (via National Security Archive). 1969-04-23 [2009-03-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-05-05）.
Taagholt, Jørgen & Jens Claus Hansen (Trans. Daniel Lufkin). Greenland: Security Perspectives (PDF). Fairbanks, Alaska: Arctic Research Consortium of the United States: 35–43. 2001 [2011-01-21]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-05-05）.
Thule Nuclear Weapons Accident: Dose Evaluation Report, United States Air Force Medical Service, April 2001, Report, Retrieved on 2009-03-26
Vantine, Harry C & Thomas R. Crites. Relevance of Nuclear Weapons Clean-up Experience to Dirty Bomb Response (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 2003-03-26 [2011-01-21]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-03-27）.

拓展閱讀

Brink, Poul. Thule-Sagen, Løgnens Univers. Aschehoug. 1997. ISBN 8711150459. （丹麥文）
James C. Oskins, Michael H. Maggelet. Broken Arrow - The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents. Lulu. 2008. ISBN 1-4357-0361-8.

外部連結

文件和照片（丹麥文）
DoD Mishaps by the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute
Declassified US government video of clean-up operation（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） BBC
National Institute for Radiation Protection (Denmark)（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）（丹麥文）
Thulesundhed.dk website by Ministry of Health and Prevention (Denmark) and the Department of Family and Health (Greenland) covering the impact of plutonium in the Thule area on the health of the local population （丹麥文）

相關條目

參考資料

書籍

期刊及報告

網頁

拓展閱讀

外部連結