馬紹爾語
馬紹爾語 | |
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Kajin M̧ajeļ 或Kajin Majõl | |
母語國家和地區 | ![]() ![]() |
母語使用人數 | 43,900 (1979) |
語系 | |
官方地位 | |
作為官方語言 | ![]() |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-1 | mh |
ISO 639-2 | mah |
ISO 639-3 | mah |
馬紹爾語(馬紹爾語:Kajin M̧ajeļ或Kajin Majõl [kɑ͡æzʲinʲ(e͡ɤ) mˠɑɑ̯zʲɛ͡ʌɫ])是馬紹爾群島所使用的一種馬來-波利尼西亞語言。它有兩種方言——西馬紹爾語和東馬紹爾語 。
語音
輔音
馬紹爾語有22個輔音(其中5個是以兩個字母表示),附加一個軟齶中央近音(在現在的書寫系統通常省略):
唇音 | 舌冠音 | 舌背音 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
硬顎化 | 軟顎化 | 硬顎化 | 軟顎化 | 圓唇 | (軟顎) | 圓唇 | |
輕 | 重 | 輕 | 重 | 重 | |||
塞音 | pʲ | pˠ | tʲ | tˠ | k | kʷ | |
鼻音 | mʲ | mˠ | nʲ | nˠ | nʷ | ŋ | ŋʷ |
捲舌音 | rʲ | rˠ | rʷ | ||||
邊音 | lʲ | lˠ | lʷ | ||||
滑音 | j | (ɰ) | w |
元音
馬紹爾語有4個元音音位,每個有好幾種變體。
馬紹爾語元音 | Simple realisations | Main orthographies | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
height | phoneme | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |||
front | back | front | back | |||||
High | (close) | /ɨ/ | [i] | [ɯ] | [u] | i | u | |
Upper Mid | (near-close) | /ɘ/ | [ɪ] | [ɤ] (long) |
[ʊ] | i (or ę) | o | ū (or ü) |
Lower Mid | (open-mid) | /ɜ/ | [e] | [ʌ] (short) |
[o] | e | o̧ (or o̠) | ō (or ü) |
Low | (open) | /ɐ/ | [ɛ] | [ɑ] | [ɔ] | a | ā (or ä) |
正寫法
不久前馬紹爾語的正寫法經歷了一場改革。然而,多數人還是願意使用過去的書寫方式。它使用一種拉丁字母,當中含有特殊記音符號。由於宗教派別的不同,馬紹爾字母有幾種不同體系。天主教學校所教的拼寫一般相同。公立學校使用的拼寫系統則在每個島上都有區別。下面是現在常用的字母表。
基本字母 | 讀音 | 帶變音符號的字母 | 讀音 | 帶長音符號的字母 | 讀音 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | A | /ɐ/ [ɛ] /ɐ/ [ɑ] |
ā (or ä) | Ā (or Ä) | /ɐ/ [ɔ] | |||||
b | B | /bˠ/ | ||||||||
d | D | /r̪ˠ/ | ||||||||
e | E | /ɜ/ [e] | ||||||||
i | I | /ɨ/ [i] /ɘ/ [ɪ] |
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j (or y)[來源請求] | J (or Y)[來源請求] | /j/ [ʒ] /j/ [j][來源請求] |
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k | K | /k/ | ||||||||
l | L | /l̪ʲ/ | ļ (or ł) | Ļ (or Ł) | /l̪ˠ/ | |||||
m | M | /mʲ/ | m̧ (or m̠) | M̧ (or M̠) | /mˠ/ | |||||
n | N | /n̪ʲ/ | ņ (or n̠) | Ņ (or N̠) | /n̪ˠ/ | n̄ (or ñ or ŋ) | N̄ (or Ñ or Ŋ) | /ŋ/ | ||
o | O | /ɘ/ [ɤ] (long) | o̧ (or o̠) | O̧ (or O̠) | /ɜ/ [ʌ] (short) | ō (or ö) | Ō (or Ö) | /ɜ/ [o] | ||
p | P | /pʲ/ | ||||||||
r | R | /r̪ʲ/ | ||||||||
t | T | /t̪ˠ/ | ||||||||
u | U | /ɨ/ [ɯ] /ɨ/ [u] |
ū (or ü) | Ū (or Ü) | /ɘ/ [ʊ] | |||||
w | W | /w/ /ʷ/ |
參考資料
- Bender, Byron W. (1968). Marshallese phonology. Oceanic Linguistics, 7, 16-35.
- Bender, Byron W. (1969). Spoken Marshallese: an intensive language course with grammatical notes and glossary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0870220705
- Bender, Byron W. (1969). Vowel dissimilation in Marshallese. In Working papers in linguistics (No. 11, pp. 88-96). University of Hawaii.
- Bender, Byron W. (1973). Parallelisms in the morphophonemics of several Micronesian languages. Oceanic Linguistics, 12, 455-477.
- Choi, John D. (1992). Phonetic underspecification and target interpolation: An acoustic study of Marshallese vowel allophony. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics (No. 82). [1] (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Hale, Mark. (2007) Chapter 5 of Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method. Blackwell
- Hale, Mark. (2000). Marshallese phonology, the phonetics-phonology interface and historical linguistics. The Linguistic Review, 17, 241-257.
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- ^ Choi (1992:14頁)