沙蘇人

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沙蘇人 (Shasu,古埃及文轉寫 š3sw,讀音可能是Shaswe[1]) 是青銅時代晚期到鐵器時代早期或古埃及第三中間時期,南黎凡特地區講閃米特語游牧民族,一群由部落酋長領導的社會組織,被描述為活躍在耶斯列谷亞實基倫西奈半島一帶的強盜[2]

馬迪納特·哈布神廟(Madinat Habu)拉美西斯三世浮雕中描繪的沙蘇囚俘

一些學者將以色列人四字神名與沙蘇人聯繫在一起。

詞源

該名字的詞根可能源自埃及語 š3sw,原意是「步行者」,利維(Levy)、亞當斯(Adams)和穆尼茲等都曾發表了相似的觀點,即古埃及語中表示「流浪」一詞的意思,對應在閃族語中則是「掠奪」的意思[3]

歷史

已知最早提到沙蘇人的是公元前15世紀的外約旦區人名單,該名字出現在阿蒙霍特普三世修建的索萊布神廟(temple of Soleb)柱基的埃及之敵名單中。 公元前13世紀後期,塞提一世拉美西斯三世努比亞阿馬拉西部(Amarah West)又抄錄了一份埃及之敵名單,其中提到了六組沙蘇人:S'rr 沙蘇人、Rbn 沙蘇人、Sm't 沙蘇人、Wrbr 沙蘇人、Yhw 沙蘇人和 Pysps 沙蘇人[4][5]

雅赫維的沙蘇人

埃及人在毆打沙蘇奸細(卡迭石戰役牆雕細部)

有兩份古埃及文書,一份是阿蒙霍特普三世時期(公元前14世紀),另一份是拉美西斯二世時代(公元前13世紀),都提到了「雅胡的沙蘇人之地」 (t3 š3św yhw[6]),其中「yhw[3]/Yahu」(雅赫維/雅胡)是都一地名

tAM8M23wiihV4G1N25
 聖書體     名詞     讀音 含意
tA
N16 ta ("land") 長穀物的土地
M8
M8 ša 蓮花池
M23
M23 sw 莎草
w
w w 鵪鶉
ii
y y 一對蘆葦
h
h h 蘆葦棚
V4
V4 wa 套索
G1
G1 3 [a] 白兀鷲
N25
N25 三座山丘

邁克爾·阿斯圖爾(Michael Astour)注意到「yhw3」這一「象形字的表現非常精確地對應了希伯來語四字神名雅威,而且該名字比迄今為止出現在米沙石碑上最古老的神名還要早500多年」[7]。范德圖恩(K. Van Der Toorn) 總結道 :「公元前14世紀,在雅威崇拜抵達希伯來前,以東人米甸人就成群結隊地將雅威奉為他們的主神了[8]

加拿大埃及學家唐納德·布·雷德福(Donald B. Redford)曾認為,最早的希伯來人,就是公元前13世紀末麥倫普塔赫石碑上所提到的巴勒斯坦中部半游牧高地人,被認為就是生活在一處沙蘇飛地上,由此後來聖經傳統上才將耶和華講述為「出自西珥(Seʿir)」[9]。沙蘇人最初是來自摩押人和北方的以東/西珥人,隨後在"希伯來"聯合體中構成了主要部分,並在以後建立起了希伯來王國[10]。根據對阿馬爾奈文書的分析,特拉維夫大學古代近東文化和閃米特語言學名譽教授安森·弗蘭克·雷尼(Anson Rainey)得出結論說:有關沙蘇人的描述最符合早期的希伯來人[11]。 如果這一認定是正確的,這些希伯來/沙蘇人就應定居在高地小村莊中,其房屋類似於公元前13世紀末同時期的迦南人樣式[12]

鑑於麥倫普塔赫浮雕上已確定為與希伯來人有關的一組人像並未描述是否為沙蘇人(參見麥倫普塔赫石碑之卡納克浮雕),因此,對希伯來人與沙蘇人之間的聯繫存在異議。古埃及人通常使用限指某一地方,而非某類人的象形文字來表達沙蘇人[13];「仇敵沙蘇」最常見的稱謂是某山地之國[14]。因而,他們與防守亞實基倫(Ashkelon)、基色(Gezer)和耶諾姆(Yenoam)等城堡的迦南人以及被認作是一民族的希伯來人並非相同一族[15][16],雖然沙蘇人並非是一個族群,但學者們指出,埃及書記員們傾向於把「完全不同的群體捆在一種人為統一的稱謂中」[17][18]

弗蘭克·傑·尤爾科(Frank J. Yurco)和邁克爾·格·哈塞爾(Michael G. Hasel)曾根據穿着服飾和髮式的不同,將麥倫普塔赫浮雕中的沙蘇人與希伯來人區分開來,且與埃及書寫者的判定不同[19]美國考古學家倫斯·斯塔格(Lawrence Stager)也反對麥倫普塔赫石碑中的沙蘇人與希伯來人有關聯,因為沙蘇人的衣着與希伯來人不同,希伯來人的衣着髮式都像迦南人[15][20]

然而,限定詞的用法受到了質疑;有人指出,在埃及著作中,包括麥倫普塔赫石碑在內,限定詞被隨意使用[21]。此外,山地限定詞並不總是用於沙蘇,像來自索萊布和阿瑪拉西部的「雅赫維的沙蘇(Shasu of Yhw)」名字指環就是這種情況。戈斯塔·沃納·阿赫斯特倫(Gösta Werner Ahlström)反駁了斯塔格的反對意見,他認為,對比描繪是因為沙蘇人是游牧民,而希伯來人已定居。他補充說:「後來定居在山中的沙蘇人之所以被稱為希伯來人,是因為他們定居在希伯來領土上」[20]

另請參閱

參考資料

內部連結

  1. ^ Donald B. Redford (1992), p. 271.
  2. ^ Miller (2005), p.95
  3. ^ Levy, Adams, and Muniz, p. 66
  4. ^ Sivertsen (2009), p. 118
  5. ^ Hasel (1998), p. 219
  6. ^ Horn, Siegfried - (1953). "Jericho in a Topographical List of Ramesses II"頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Journal of Near Eastern Studies 12: 201-203.
  7. ^ Astour (1979), p. 18
  8. ^ K. Van Der Toorn, p. 282-283
  9. ^ Book of Judges, 5:4 and Deuteronomy, 33:2
  10. ^ Donald B. Redford (1992), p. 272–3,275.
  11. ^ Rainey (2008)
  12. ^ Shasu,頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) in Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson (eds) Dictionary of Archaeology, John Wiley & Sons, 2008 p.313.
  13. ^ Dermot Anthony Nestor, p.185.
  14. ^ Hasel (2003), p. 32–33
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Stager (2001), p. 92
  16. ^ Kenton L. Sparks, p.108
  17. ^ Nestor, p.186.
  18. ^ Sparks, p. 105−106
  19. ^ Yurco (1986), p. 195, 207; Hasel (2003), p. 27–36.
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Ahlström, pp. 277–278, note 7
  21. ^ Miller (2012), p. 94

引用來源

  • Ahlström, Gösta Werner. The History of Ancient Palestine. Fortress Press. 1993 [2020-10-11]. ISBN 978-0-8006-2770-6. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-14). 
  • Astour, Michael C. (1979). "Yahweh in Egyptian Topographic Lists." In Festschrift Elmar Edel, eds. M. Gorg & E. Pusch, Bamberg.
  • Dever, William G. (1997). "Archaeology and the Emergence of Early Israel" . In John R. Bartlett (Ed.), Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation, pp. 20–50. Routledge.
  • Hasel, Michael G. (1994). "Israel in the Merneptah Stela," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 296, pp. 45–61.
  • Hasel, Michael G. (1998). Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, 1300–1185 BC. Probleme der Ägyptologie 11. Leiden: Brill, pp. 217–239. ISBN 90-04-10984-6 [1]頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  • Hasel, Michael G. (2003). "Merenptah's Inscription and Reliefs and the Origin of Israel" in Beth Alpert Nakhai ed. The Near East in the Southwest: Essays in Honor of William G. Dever, pp. 19–44. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 58. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research. ISBN 0-89757-065-0
  • Hoffmeier, James K. (2005). Ancient Israel in Sinai, New York: Oxford University Press, 240–45.
  • Horn, Siegfried H. (1953). "Jericho in a Topographical List of Ramesses II," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 12: 201–203.
  • Levy, Thomas E.; Adams, Russell B.; Muniz, Adolfo. Richard Elliott Friedman; William Henry Propp , 編. Le-David Maskil: A Birthday Tribute for David Noel Freedman. Eisenbrauns. January 2004: 66–. ISBN 978-1-57506-084-2.  |article=被忽略 (幫助)
  • MacDonald, Burton (1994). "Early Edom: The Relation between the Literary and Archaeological Evidence". In Michael D. Coogan, J. Cheryl Exum, Lawrence Stager (Eds.), Scripture and Other Artifacts: Essays on the Bible and Archaeology in Honor of Philip J. King, pp. 230–246. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22364-8
  • Miller (II.), Robert D. Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C., Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2012
  • Nestor, Dermot Anthony, Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010
  • Rainey, Anson (2008). "Shasu or Habiru. Who Were the Early Israelites?" Biblical Archaeology Review 34:6 (Nov/Dec).
  • Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan and Israel In Ancient Times需要免費註冊. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-691-00086-7. 
  • Sivertsen, Barbara J. The Parting of the Sea: How Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Plagues Shaped the Story of Exodus. Princeton University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-691-13770-4 [2]頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  • Sparks, Kenton L., Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and Their Expression in the Hebrew Bible, Eisenbrauns, 1998, p. 108: 'If the Egyptian scribe was not clear on the nature of the entity he called "Israel," knowing only that it was "different" from the surrounding modalities, then we can imagine something other than a sociocultural Israel. It is possible that Israel repr esented a confederation of united, but sociologically distinct, modalities that were joined either culturally or politically via treaties and the like. This interpretation of the evidence would allow for the unity implied by the endonymic evidence and also give our scribe some latitude in his use of the determinative'.
  • Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Michael Coogan (Ed.), The Oxford History of the Biblical World, pp. 90–129. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508707-0
  • van der Toorn, K. (1996). Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life (BRILL)
  • Yurco, Frank J. (1986). "Merenptah's Canaanite Campaign." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 23:189–215.