水玉簪科
水玉簪科![]() | |
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科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 單子葉植物 Monocots |
目: | 薯蕷目 Dioscoreales |
科: | 水玉簪科 Burmanniaceae Blume[1] |
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水玉簪科植物分布區
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異名 | |
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水玉簪科(學名:Burmanniaceae)是被子植物的一個科,包括有99個草本植物物種,分屬八個不同的屬[2];中國有1屬9種。這些草本植物可能是一年生或多年生植物。 在傳統的生物分類學上,本科是單子葉植物綱中的蘭目中的一個科,但在較近期的《APG分類法》均將本科列為薯蕷目。
型態描述
本科物種一般都有出眾的外表,通常是紅色而不是綠色,沒有太多的葉面積,並且不會以任何方式變得非常大。 所有成員均為菌異營物種,主要分佈在南半球,並在陰涼和熱帶環境中生長。當中有不少物種為瀕危物種。
分類
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Burmanniaceae_family.jpg/300px-Burmanniaceae_family.jpg)
約翰·林德利於1830年首度描述水玉簪科,當時只包括水玉簪屬這一個屬[3]。1998年出版的《被子植物APG分類法》[4] 將本科列為薯蕷目之下五個科之一,而薯蕷目屬於單子葉植物之下的一個演化支。2003年出版的《被子植物APG II分類法 (修訂版)》[5]在Caddick及其同事 (2002)[6][7]透過廣泛研究得出的結果,使用三種基因(rbcL、atpB及18S rDNA)的分析,加上形態學的限制條件,導致薯蕷目之下各科的重新編排。本科在APG II 的限界擴闊了,還包括過往在APG I屬於肉質腐生科的物種。結果在這個分類,薯蕷目物種被重組成為三個科。這個分類辦法在被子植物APG III分類法 (2009)[1]保留不變。
與此同時,部分進行中的研究仍然質疑這種三分關係[8][9][10][11],認為較早期的分類更能表現出薯蕷目各屬間在演化過程的關係。根據這些研究結果,他們認為薯蕷目的組成如下:
- 嚴謹定義的水玉簪科:
- Apteria
- 水玉簪屬 Burmannia
- 玉頭簪屬 Campylosiphon Benth., 1882
- Campylosiphon congestus (C.H.Wright) Maas
- Campylosiphon lycioideus St.-Lag.
- Campylosiphon purpurascens Benth.
- 貴州玉頭簪 Campylosiphon saundersii X.J.Li, L.Qu & D.X.Zhang, 2023(貴州)
- Cymbocarpa
- Dictyostega
- 腐草屬 Gymnosiphon
- 六翼玉簪屬 Hexapterella Urb., 1903
- Marthella
- Miersiella
- 非洲水玉杯屬 (Afrothismia)支序
- 非洲水玉杯屬 Afrothismia
由於這些實證相互矛盾,2016年《被子植物APG IV分類法》 (2016)的作者[12]認為現時仍然未到重組薯蕷目物種的關係架構[13]。
演化史
According to molecular analyses, the myco-heterotrophic type of life that these species lead evolved six (or even more) times independently in the three clades that are part of Burmanniaceae. Afrothismia and tribe Thismieae represent two of these shifts to myco-heterotrophy from autotrophy while Burmanniaceae sensu stricto are the clade where the other four took place. The family appears in the 晚白堊世 but the further diversification and shifts to the typical habit occurred later in the same period and continued after the 白堊紀-古近紀界線 in 古近紀.[10]
參考文獻
參考書目
- Caddick, Lizabeth R.; Rudall, Paula J.; Wilkin, Paul; Hedderson, Terry A. J.; Chase, Mark W., Phylogenetics of Dioscoreales based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data, 林奈學會植物學雜誌, February 2002, 138 (2): 123–144, doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.138002123.x
- Caddick, Lizabeth R.; Wilkin, Paul; Rudall, Paula J.; Hedderson, Terry A. J.; Chase, Mark W., Yams Reclassified: A Recircumscription of Dioscoreaceae and Dioscoreales, Taxon (journal), February 2002, 51 (1): 103, doi:10.2307/1554967
- Christenhusz, Maarten JM & Byng, J. W. The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa (Magnolia Press). 2016, 261 (3): 201–217 [2018-12-08]. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. (原始內容存檔於2016-07-29).
- Lindley, John. An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy. London: Longman. 1830 [2014-02-02]. (原始內容存檔於2013-12-04).
- Hertweck, Kate L.; Kinney, Michael S.; Stuart, Stephanie A.; Maurin, Olivier; Mathews, Sarah; Chase, Mark W.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Pires, J. Chris. Phylogenetics, divergence times and diversification from three genomic partitions in monocots. 林奈學會植物學雜誌. July 2015, 178 (3): 375–393. doi:10.1111/boj.12260.
- Merckx, V.; Schols, P.; Kamer, H. M.-v. d.; Maas, P.; Huysmans, S.; Smets, E. Phylogeny and evolution of Burmanniaceae (Dioscoreales) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data. American Journal of Botany. 2006-11-01, 93 (11): 1684–1698. PMID 21642114. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.11.1684.
- Merckx, Vincent S. F. T.; Smets, Erik F., , the 101st Anniversary of a Botanical Mystery, International Journal of Plant Sciences, February 2014, 175 (2): 165–175, doi:10.1086/674315
- Merckx, Vincent; Bakker, Freek T.; Huysmans, Suzy; Smets, Erik. Bias and conflict in phylogenetic inference of myco-heterotrophic plants: a case study in Thismiaceae. Cladistics. February 2009, 25 (1): 64–77. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00241.x.
- Merckx, V; Huysmans, S; Smets, EF. Cretaceous origins of mycoheterotrophic lineages in Dioscoreales (PDF). : 39–53 [2016-06-15]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-02-01)., In Seberg et al (2010)
- Seberg, Ole; Petersen, Gitte; Barfod, Anders; Davis, Jerrold I. (編). Diversity, phylogeny, and evolution in the Monocotyledons: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Fifth International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution. Århus: Aarhus University Press. 2010 [2018-12-08]. ISBN 978 87 7934 398 6. (原始內容存檔於2015-05-10).
APG
- APG I. An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1998, 85 (4): 531–553. JSTOR 2992015. doi:10.2307/2992015.
- APG II. An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. 林奈學會植物學雜誌. 2003, 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
- APG III. An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. 林奈學會植物學雜誌. 2009, 161 (2): 105–121 [2014-01-03]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. (原始內容存檔於2017-05-25).
- APG IV. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. 林奈學會植物學雜誌. 2016, 181 (1): 1–20 [2016-06-13]. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. (原始內容存檔於2018-03-05).
外部連結
維基物種上的相關資訊:水玉簪科
- Burmanniaceae, Thismiaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. Version: 9 March 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/
- Monocot families (USDA) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Burmanniaceae in the Flora of North America (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Burmanniaceae.org, a site dedicated to the research on this family (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- the specialists at work
- NCBI Taxonomy Browser (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- links (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) and more links (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) at CSDL, Texas
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