傑伊-加爾多基條約

《傑伊-加爾多基條約》（The Jay–Gardoqui Treaty），也被稱作《同西班牙的許可權條約》，在美利堅合眾國同西班牙於1786簽訂的條約，授權西班牙在密西西比河25年獨家航行權。^[1] 條約同樣要求西班牙開放其在歐洲和西印度群島的海港，以供美國船隻航運。然而，在《邦聯條例》背景下該條約並沒有得到（美方）批准。

國會的權威如此之少，而且對聯盟各州的（管轄）權力如此之小，對外交政策的影響很小，以至於其他國家要麼忽視新生的美國，要麼粗暴（侵犯）其利益而不必擔心遭到報復。英國無視《巴黎條約》的相關條款，在和平條約締結後依然將軍隊保留在美國境內；美方也無視《巴黎條約》所要求，其債務人拒絕償還英國債權人的債務。美國州法院通常拒絕原告是英國人的訴訟，《邦聯條例》沒有提供（可供英國人上訴的）聯邦法院^[2]。

1784年，當西班牙關閉新奧爾良港同美國的商貿往來時，國會派約翰·傑伊前往馬德里洽談美國公民在密西西比河的通航事宜。在高多奇於1785年6月抵達紐約後，隨即美西兩方條約的會談開始^[3]。經過一年的外交努力，兩方簽署了一項協議，該協議忽略了密西西比河問題，（而代之）以換取有利於東北部的商業優勢（的內容）（傑伊-加爾多基條約）。國會拒絕了此條約，此事項也擱置有十年。國會還譴責英國人和西班牙人依然占領西部領土，但（美國）又無力強行改變這些國家控制土地（的實際狀況）。

（當時）美國的武裝力量，除了國會幾乎沒有控制權的各州民兵，都因實際目的在戰後被解散了。（1784年，美軍人數不足100人）

不管是好是壞，外交事務將在1790年至1815年間主導美國公共生活和政治，因歐洲正陷於同法國大革命和帝國戰爭中。然而，儘管美國成功通過美國獨立戰爭獲得了獨立，但在戰後的幾年內美國仍然在世界上少有影響。

美國同英國和西班牙的問題包括：

邊界：英國人拒絕放棄西北部的堡壘
英國皇家海軍仍停留美國水域，這是對美國獨立的威脅
未償還債務的問題仍然存在，儘管有些人認為他們應該被放棄（喬治·梅森：「我們過去為何而戰？」)
新奧爾良港和密西西比河對美國人依然關閉，1783年的條約恢復了西班牙的領土
西班牙人和英國人還被懷疑煽動印第安人反對（來自美國）西部的定居者
聯邦政府缺乏權力和權威，無力與西班牙就佛羅里達邊界等問題達成協議

引用

^ Yoo, John, The Powers of War and Peace : The Constitution and Foreign Affairs After 9/11, Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 77, 2005 [11 June 2018], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-05）, From 1785 to 1786, John Jay, as secretary for foreign affairs, negotiated with Spain concerning various boundary disputes with Spain’s North American territories. Chief among these issues was the right of American settlers to navigate the southern reaches of the Mississippi River, which passed through Spanish territory on its way to the sea. Spain had closed its portion of the Mississippi to American commerce in 1784; Congress specifically instructed Jay that any treaty with Spain had to win back that right. Spain’s ambassador, Don Diego de Gardoqui, refused to accede to this demand out of Spanish fears of America’s westward expansion.
^ McDonald, Forrest, We the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1958, passim.
^ Robertson, James Alexander, List of Documents in Spanish Archives relating to the History of the United States which have been Printed or of which Transcripts are Preserved in American Libraries, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington: 195, 1910 [2019-02-04], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-05）, June 30 [1785]. New York. Gardoqui to Floridablanca (confidential no I)

[TreatyDate-1] Yoo, John, The Powers of War and Peace : The Constitution and Foreign Affairs After 9/11, Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 77, 2005 [11 June 2018], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-05）, From 1785 to 1786, John Jay, as secretary for foreign affairs, negotiated with Spain concerning various boundary disputes with Spain’s North American territories. Chief among these issues was the right of American settlers to navigate the southern reaches of the Mississippi River, which passed through Spanish territory on its way to the sea. Spain had closed its portion of the Mississippi to American commerce in 1784; Congress specifically instructed Jay that any treaty with Spain had to win back that right. Spain’s ambassador, Don Diego de Gardoqui, refused to accede to this demand out of Spanish fears of America’s westward expansion.

[2] McDonald, Forrest, We the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1958, passim.

[GardoquiLetters-3] Robertson, James Alexander, List of Documents in Spanish Archives relating to the History of the United States which have been Printed or of which Transcripts are Preserved in American Libraries, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington: 195, 1910 [2019-02-04], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-05）, June 30 [1785]. New York. Gardoqui to Floridablanca (confidential no I)

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