單家蟻屬
單家蟻屬
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| 法老蟻 Monomorium pharaonis 與原子筆筆尖作為比例尺 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 目： | 膜翅目 Hymenoptera |
| 科： | 蟻科 Formicidae |
| 亞科： | 家蟻亞科 Myrmicinae |
| 屬： | 小家蟻屬 Monomorium Mayr, 1855 |
| 模式種 | |
| Monomorium monomorium Bolton, 1987
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| 異名 | |
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Antichthonidris | |
單家蟻屬（學名：Monomorium）又稱小家蟻屬，為家蟻亞科。共有 302 個現生物種和 3 個化石物種[1]。世界廣布，尤其是舊世界的熱帶地區[2]。單家蟻屬包含一些惡名昭彰的害蟲，如法老小家蟻 (M. pharaonis ) 和花居小家蟻 (M. floricola )[3]。
物種描述
該屬形態及體型變異較大[3]。有些物種工蟻單型，有些多型。有些物種工蟻體型小，有些體型大。大部分物種具有大且由多個小眼組成的複眼，但 M. inusuale 和一些非洲的物種的複眼較為退化。具有功能正常的螫針[4]。
分類學
單家蟻屬包含很多物種，是一個龐大的屬，在 2007 年時， Nothidris、Epelysidris 和 Phacota 被同物異名為單家蟻屬[4]，作者同時也推測 Anillomyrma、Megalomyrmex 和 Bondroita 可能也為單家蟻屬[4]。
如何精準界定該屬尚無定論。單家蟻沒有明顯可以將其與火家蟻族其他成員區分開來的特徵。如果以支序學角度嚴謹的說，整個火家蟻族都該被納入火家蟻屬，但火家蟻族並沒有明顯的共衍徵。單家蟻屬目前是併系群，是一個臨時類群，未來還需整理，其他的臨時類群包含巨山蟻屬和窄胸家蟻屬 (Leptothorax )[5]。
習性
大部分物種居住在朽木、石頭下或土壤中[2]。有些物種為清除者，有些則取食種子[6]。大部分物種具有含生物鹼的毒液，可用以抵禦天敵[7]。除了形態變異外，該屬染色體對數也多變，從 16 對至 70 對 (2n) 皆有紀錄[8]。
下屬物種
本屬包括以下物種：
- Monomorium abeillei Andre, 1881
- Monomorium aberrans Forel, 1902
- Monomorium abyssinicum (Forel, 1894)
- Monomorium acutinode Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
- Monomorium adiastolon Heterick
- Monomorium advena Brown & Wilson, 1957
- Monomorium affabile Santschi, 1926
- Monomorium afrc
- Monomorium afrum Andre, 1884
- Monomorium aithoderum
- Monomorium alamarum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium albipes
- Monomorium albopilosum Emery, 1895
- Monomorium algiricum (Bernard, 1955)
- Monomorium altinode Santschi, 1910
- Monomorium ambvky
- Monomorium anceps Emery, 1895
- Monomorium andrei Saunders, 1890
- Monomorium angustinode Forel, 1913
- Monomorium annamense Donisthorpe, 1941
- Monomorium antarcticum (Smith, 1858)
- Monomorium antipodum Forel, 1901
- Monomorium aper Emery, 1914
- Monomorium arboreum Weber, 1943
- Monomorium areniphilum Santschi, 1911
- Monomorium armstrongi McAreavey, 1949
- Monomorium arnoldi Forel, 1913
- Monomorium atomum Forel, 1902
- Monomorium aureorugosum Heterick
- Monomorium australe Emery, 1886
- Monomorium australicum Forel, 1907
- Monomorium baal Wheeler & Mann, 1916
- Monomorium balathir Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium banksi Forel, 1910
- Monomorium barbatulum Mayr, 1877
- Monomorium basale
- Monomorium bequaerti Forel, 1913
- Monomorium bevisi Arnold, 1944
- Monomorium bicolor Emery, 1877
- Monomorium bicorne Forel, 1907
- Monomorium bifidoclypeatum Heterick
- Monomorium bifidum
- Monomorium bimaculatum Wheeler, 1928
- Monomorium binatu Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium biroi Forel, 1907
- Monomorium biroianum Bolton, 1995
- Monomorium bodenheimeri Menozzi, 1929
- Monomorium boerorum Forel, 1910
- Monomorium bogischi Wheeler, 1917
- Monomorium boltoni Espadaler & Agosti, 1987
- Monomorium borlei Santschi, 1937
- Monomorium brasiliense Forel, 1908
- 布朗氏小家蟻 Monomorium braunsi Mayr, 1901
- Monomorium broomense Forel, 1915
- Monomorium broschorum Sparks
- Monomorium butteli Forel, 1913
- Monomorium buxtoni Crawley, 1920
- Monomorium capeyork Sparks
- Monomorium captator Santschi, 1936
- Monomorium carbo Forel, 1910
- Monomorium carbonarium (Smith, 1858)
- Monomorium centrale Forel, 1910
- Monomorium chilensis
- 中華小家蟻 Monomorium chinense Santschi, 1925
- Monomorium chnodes Heterick
- Monomorium chobauti (Emery, 1896)
- Monomorium clarinodis Heterick
- Monomorium clavicorne Andre, 1881
- Monomorium coecum
- Monomorium compressum Wheeler, 1914
- Monomorium consternens (Walker, 1859)
- Monomorium crawleyi Santschi, 1930
- Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908)
- Monomorium criniceps (Mayr, 1879)
- Monomorium cristatum
- Monomorium croceiventre Emery, 1914
- Monomorium cryptobium (Santschi, 1921)
- Monomorium cyaneum Wheeler, 1914
- Monomorium dakarense Santschi, 1914
- Monomorium damarense Forel, 1910
- Monomorium decuria
- Monomorium delabiei
- Monomorium delagoense Forel, 1894
- Monomorium demisum Santschi, 1936
- Monomorium dentatum
- Monomorium denticulatum Mayr
- Monomorium denticulum Heterick
- Monomorium dentigerum (Roger, 1862)
- Monomorium destructor (Jerdon, 1851)
- Monomorium dichroum Forel, 1902
- Monomorium dictator Santschi, 1937
- Monomorium dilatatum Bernard, 1977
- Monomorium disertum Forel, 1913
- Monomorium disoriente Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium dispar
- Monomorium dolatu Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium donisthorpei Crawley, 1915
- Monomorium drapenum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium draxocum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium ebangaense Santschi, 1937
- Monomorium ebeninum Forel, 1891
- Monomorium edentatum Emery, 1897
- Monomorium effractor Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium egens Forel, 1910
- Monomorium elghazalyi Sharaf & Aldawood, 2017
- Monomorium elgonense (Santschi, 1935)
- Monomorium elongatum Smith, 1876
- Monomorium emarginatum DuBois, 1986
- Monomorium emeryi Mayr, 1895
- Monomorium epinotale Santschi, 1923
- Monomorium eremoides Sparks
- Monomorium eremum Sparks
- Monomorium ergatogyna Wheeler, 1904
- Monomorium esharre Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium euryodon
- Monomorium evansi Donisthorpe, 1918
- Monomorium excelsior Arnold, 1926
- Monomorium excensurae Forel, 1915
- Monomorium exchao Santschi, 1926
- Monomorium exiguum Forel, 1894
- Monomorium falcatum (McAreavey, 1949)
- Monomorium fasciatum Santschi, 1920
- Monomorium fastidium Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium fayfaense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
- Monomorium ferodens Heterick
- Monomorium fezzanense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
- Monomorium fieldi Forel, 1910
- Monomorium firmum Santschi, 1926
- Monomorium fisheri Heterick
- Monomorium flavigaster (Clark, 1938)
- Monomorium flavimembra Heterick
- Monomorium flavipes Clark, 1938
- Monomorium flavum Collingwood, 1961
- Monomorium floricola (Jerdon, 1851)
- Monomorium forcipatum Emery, 1914
- Monomorium foreli Viehmeyer, 1914
- Monomorium fraterculum Santschi, 1919
- Monomorium fridae Forel, 1905
- Monomorium fugelanum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium fulvum
- Monomorium gabrielense Forel, 1916
- Monomorium geminum Sparks
- Monomorium gilberti Forel, 1902
- Monomorium glabrum (Andre, 1883)
- Monomorium gongromos Heterick
- Monomorium gracillimum Smith
- Monomorium grassei (Tohme, 1980)
- Monomorium guillarmodi Arnold, 1946
- Monomorium guineense (Bernard, 1953)
- Monomorium hanaqe Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
- Monomorium hanneli Forel, 1907
- Monomorium hannonis Santschi, 1910
- Monomorium havilandi Forel, 1910
- Monomorium heggyi Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, Wetterer, Hita Garcia, Dhafer & Aldawood, 2021
- Monomorium hemame Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
- Monomorium hercules Viehmeyer, 1923
- Monomorium herero Forel, 1910
- Monomorium hertogi Sparks
- Monomorium hesperium Emery, 1915
- Monomorium hesperium lanzarotense Wheeler, W.M., 1927
- Monomorium hildebrandti Forel, 1892
- Monomorium hirsutum Forel, 1910
- Monomorium hiten Terayama, 1996
- Monomorium hoffmanni Sparks
- Monomorium holothir Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium hospitum Viehmeyer, 1916
- Monomorium howense Wheeler, 1927
- Monomorium humilior Forel, 1910
- Monomorium ilgii Forel, 1894
- Monomorium ilium Forel, 1907
- Monomorium imerinense Forel, 1892
- Monomorium impexum Wheeler, 1928
- Monomorium indet
- Monomorium indicum Forel, 1902
- Monomorium infuscum Heterick
- Monomorium inquietum Santschi, 1926
- Monomorium inquilinum DuBois, 1981
- Monomorium insolescens Wheeler, 1934
- Monomorium insulare Clark, 1938
- Monomorium integrum
- 黑腹小家蟻 Monomorium intrudens Smith, 1874
- 皮氏小家蟻 Monomorium intrudens pieli Santschi,1925
- Monomorium inusuale
- Monomorium invidium Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium iyenasu Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium jacksoni Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium jonesi Arnold, 1952
- Monomorium jucundum Sant.
- Monomorium junodi Forel, 1910
- Monomorium katir Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium kelapre Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium kempi Mukerjee, 1930
- Monomorium khalidi Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, Wetterer, Hita Garcia, Dhafer & Aldawood, 2021
- Monomorium kidman Sparks
- Monomorium kiliani Forel, 1902
- Monomorium kineti Weber, 1943
- Monomorium kitectum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium kondratieffi Sharaf & Aldawood, 2013
- Monomorium kugitangi Dlussky, 1990
- Monomorium kugleri Radchenko & Perkovsky, 2009
- Monomorium kusnezovi Santschi, 1928
- Monomorium laeve Mayr, 1876
- Monomorium lameerei (Forel, 1902)
- Monomorium latastei Emery
- Monomorium latinode Mayr, 1872
- Monomorium latinodoides Wheeler, 1928
- Monomorium leae Forel, 1913
- Monomorium leda Forel, 1915
- Monomorium legulum
- Monomorium lene Santschi, 1920
- Monomorium leopoldinum Forel, 1905
- Monomorium lepidum Heterick
- Monomorium libanicum Tohme, 1980
- Monomorium liliuokalanii Forel, 1899
- Monomorium lindbergi Pisarski, 1967
- Monomorium longi Forel, 1902
- Monomorium longiceps Wheeler, 1934
- Monomorium longinode
- Monomorium longipes Emery, 1914
- Monomorium longiusculum
- Monomorium lubricum Arnold, 1948
- Monomorium luisae Forel, 1904
- Monomorium luteum Emery, 1881
- Monomorium macareaveyi (Ettershank, 1966)
- Monomorium macrops Arnold, 1944
- Monomorium madecassum Forel, 1892
- Monomorium major Bernard, 1953
- Monomorium malamixtum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium malatu Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium mandibulare
- Monomorium manir Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium mantazenum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium marjoriae DuBois, 1986
- Monomorium marshi Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium maryannae Sparks
- Monomorium mavide Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium mayri Forel, 1902
- Monomorium mayrianum Wheeler, 1915
- Monomorium medinae Forel, 1892
- Monomorium mediocre Santschi, 1920
- Monomorium melleum Emery, 1914
- Monomorium merepah Sparks
- Monomorium micrommaton Heterick, 2006
- Monomorium micron Crawley, 1925
- Monomorium micropacum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium mictile Forel, 1910
- Monomorium minimum (Buckley, 1867)
- Monomorium minor Stitz, 1923
- Monomorium mirandum Arnold, 1955
- Monomorium mitchell Sparks
- Monomorium moathi Sharaf & Collingwood, 2010
- Monomorium modestum Santschi, 1914
- Monomorium moestum
- Monomorium mohammedi Sharaf & Hita Garcia, 2018
- 單小家蟻 Monomorium monomorium Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium musicum Forel, 1910
- Monomorium muticum (Emery, 1887)
- Monomorium nengraharicum Pisarski, 1970
- Monomorium nigricans Heterick
- Monomorium niloticum Emery, 1881
- Monomorium nimihil Collingwood, 2004
- Monomorium nirvanum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium nitidiventre Emery, 1893
- Monomorium notulum Forel, 1910
- Monomorium noualhieri (Emery, 1915)
- Monomorium noxitum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium nuptualis Forel, 1913
- Monomorium occidaneum Crawley, 1922
- Monomorium occidentale Bernard, 1953
- Monomorium ocellatum Arnold, 1920
- Monomorium oodnadatta Sparks
- Monomorium opacior Forel, 1913
- Monomorium opacum Forel, 1913
- Monomorium ophthalmicum Forel, 1894
- Monomorium orangiae Arnold, 1956
- Monomorium orientale Mayr, 1879
- Monomorium oscaris Forel, 1894
- Monomorium osiridis Santschi, 1915
- Monomorium pacis Forel, 1915
- Monomorium pallidipes Forel, 1910
- Monomorium pallidum Donisthorpe, 1918
- Monomorium parvinode Forel, 1894
- Monomorium paternum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium pergandei (Emery, 1893)
- Monomorium perplexum Radchenko, 1997
- Monomorium personatum Santschi, 1937
- 法老小家蟻 Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758) 小黃家蟻、法老小家蟻法老蟻
- Monomorium phoeniceum Santschi, 1927
- Monomorium phoenicium Santschi, 1927
- Monomorium phoenicum Santschi, 1927
- Monomorium pilbara Sparks
- Monomorium pilipes Mayr, 1868
- Monomorium platynode
- Monomorium platynodis Heterick
- Monomorium pulchrum Santschi, 1926
- Monomorium rabirium Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium rastractum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium rhopalocerum Emery, 1895
- Monomorium robustior Forel, 1892
- Monomorium rogeri (Mayr, 1865)
- Monomorium rosae Santschi, 1920
- Monomorium rothsteini Forel, 1902
- Monomorium rotundatum Santschi, 1920
- Monomorium rubriceps Mayr, 1876
- Monomorium rufulum Stitz, 1923
- Monomorium ruzskyi Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985
- Monomorium sagei Forel, 1902
- Monomorium sahlbergi Emery, 1898
- Monomorium sakalavum Santschi, 1928
- Monomorium salomonis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Monomorium sanguinolentum Wheeler, 1927
- Monomorium santschii (Forel, 1905)
- Monomorium sarawatensis Sharaf & Aldawood, 2013
- Monomorium scabriceps (Mayr, 1879)
- Monomorium schultzei Forel, 1910
- Monomorium schurri Forel, 1902
- Monomorium sculpturatum Clark, 1934
- Monomorium sechellense Emery, 1894
- Monomorium senegalense Roger, 1862
- Monomorium sersalatum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium setuliferum Forel, 1910
- Monomorium shilohense Forel, 1913
- Monomorium shuckardi Forel, 1895
- Monomorium silvestrii Wheeler, 1927
- Monomorium smithii Forel, 1892
- Monomorium sommieri Emery, 1908
- Monomorium sordidum Forel, 1902
- Monomorium spatulicorne Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926
- Monomorium spectrum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium speculiceps
- Monomorium speculum Sparks
- Monomorium speluncarum Santschi, 1914
- Monomorium springvalense Forel, 1913
- Monomorium sryetum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium stagnum Sparks
- Monomorium stictonotum
- Monomorium strangulatum Santschi, 1921
- Monomorium striatifrons
- Monomorium subapterum Wheeler, 1917
- Monomorium subcoecum Emery, 1894
- Monomorium subdentatum Forel, 1913
- Monomorium subopacum (Smith, 1858)
- Monomorium suteri Forel, 1892
- Monomorium sutu Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium sydneyense Forel, 1902
- Monomorium symmotu Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium syriacum (Tohme, 1980)
- Monomorium tablense Santschi, 1932
- Monomorium taedium Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium talbotae DuBois, 1981
- Monomorium talpa Emery, 1911
- Monomorium tambourinense
- Monomorium tanysum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium taprobanae Forel, 1913
- Monomorium tchelichofi Forel, 1914
- Monomorium tenebrosum Sparks
- Monomorium termitarium Forel, 1910
- Monomorium termitobium Forel, 1892
- Monomorium thrascoleptum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium topend Sparks
- Monomorium torrens Sparks
- Monomorium torvicte Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium trageri DuBois, 1986
- Monomorium trake Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium tricolor Emery, 1914
- Monomorium triviale Wheeler, 1906
- Monomorium tumaire Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
- Monomorium turneri (Forel, 1910)
- Monomorium tynsorum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium vaguum Santschi, 1930
- Monomorium valtinum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium vatranum Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium vecte Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium venustum (Smith, 1858)
- Monomorium versicolor Heterick
- Monomorium viator Santschi, 1923
- Monomorium viride Brown, 1943
- Monomorium vitiense Mann, 1921
- Monomorium vonatu Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium wahibiense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
- Monomorium westi Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium wheelerorum DuBois, 1986
- Monomorium whitei Wheeler, 1915
- Monomorium willowmorense Bolton, 1987
- Monomorium wilsoni
- Monomorium wroughtoni Forel, 1902
- Monomorium wroughtonianum Ettershank, 1966
- Monomorium xanthognathum Arnold, 1944
- Monomorium xuthosoma Heterick
- 織女小家蟻 Monomorium zhinu Terayama, 2009
- Monomorium zulu Santschi, 1914
參考資料
- ^ Barry Bolton. AntCat. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-08）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Aldawood, A. S. and M. R. Sharaf. (2011). Monomorium dryhimi sp. n., a new ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the M. monomorium group from Saudi Arabia, with a key to the Arabian Monomorium monomorium-group. ZooKeys 106, 47-54.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Heterick, B. E. (2003). Two new Australian Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), including a highly distinctive species. Australian Journal of Entomology 42(3), 249-53.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Fernández, F. (2007). Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., et al. (eds). Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to 艾德華·威爾森 – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80, 128-45.
- ^ Heterick, B. (2006). A revision of the Malagasy ants belonging to Genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 57(3), 69-202.
- ^ Mashaly, A. M. A., et al. (2010). Source, optimal dose concentration and longevity of trail pheromone in two Monomorium ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Journal of King Saud University-Science 22(1), 57-60.
- ^ Jones, T. H., et al. (2003). The venom alkaloids from some African Monomorium species. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Journal of Chemical Ecology 29(12), 2721-27.
- ^ Lorite, P., et al. (2002). Chromosome numbers in Spanish Formicidae (Hymenoptera) IV. New data of species from the genera Camponotus, Formica, Lasius, Messor, and Monomorium. Sociobiology 40(2), 331-42.
外部連結
- Monomorium. Japanese Ant Image Database.
延伸閱讀
- Mashaly, A. M. A. (2010). Monomorium ant's trail pheromones: Glandular source, optimal concentration, longevity and specificity. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 13(1), 23-26.
- Mayr, G. (1855). Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im oesterreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen nebst Hinzufuegung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Ameisen. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5, 273-478.