古吉拉特語 (ગુજરાતી ,拉丁化 :Gujarātī)屬於印歐語系 印度-伊朗語族 的印度-雅利安語支 ,為印度 22種官方語言 與14種地區性語言之一,同時也是巴基斯坦 少數民族 語言。全球有大約4600萬人講這種語言,為世界上第23大語言 。從使用的人群主要分布來看,印度4550萬,烏干達 15萬,巴基斯坦 10萬,肯尼亞 5萬。
古吉拉特語為印度古吉拉特邦 、聯邦屬地達德拉-納加爾哈維利 和達曼-第烏 的主要語言,同時也是孟買 古吉拉特人社區的語言,在北美和英國有眾多講古吉拉特語的居民。古吉拉特語也是印度國父聖雄甘地 、巴基斯坦國父穆罕默德·阿里·真納 和沙達·瓦拉漢·佩帖爾 (被譽為鐵人的印度首位內政大臣)的第一語言。
音系
文法
古吉拉特語是一種頭-終結或左-分支 語言。形容詞 前導名詞 ,直接賓語 先於動詞 ,並且它有後置詞 。古吉拉特語的語序 是SOV ,並且它有三個性 和兩個數 。沒有定冠詞 或不定冠詞 。動詞表達為它的動詞詞根 跟上標記文法體 和呼應 的後綴 ,以此叫做主形式,帶有從 to be 派生的可能的前導輔助 形式,標記時態 和語氣 ,並也展示呼應。使役式 (直到雙重)和被動式有著構詞基礎。[4]
參考資料
參考文獻
字典
Belsare, M.B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary.
Deshpande , P.G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board.
Deshpande, P.G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press .
Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press.
Deshpande, P.G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary.
Platts, J.T., A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English , London: W. H. Allen & Co, 1884 [2016-05-01 ] , (原始內容 存檔於2011-10-16) .
Suthar, B. (2003) Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary (1 Mb) (頁面存檔備份 ,存於網際網路檔案館 )
Turner, Ralph Lilley , A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages , London: Oxford University Press, 1966 [2016-05-01 ] , (原始內容存檔 於2021-01-25) .
語法
Cardona, George , A Gujarati Reference Grammar, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965 .
Taylor, G.P., The Student's Gujarati Grammar, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1908 .
Tisdall, W.S., A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language , 1892 .
課程
Dave, Jagdish, Colloquial Gujarati 2004, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-09196-9 .
Gujarati Literary Academy UK, Text Books 1 to 5 1985, Navabharat Sahitya Mandir Mumbai, 1985 .
Dwyer, Rachel, Teach Yourself Gujarati , London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1995 [2016-05-01 ] , (原始內容 存檔於2008-01-02) .
Lambert, H.M., Gujarati Language Course, Cambridge University Press, 1971 .
語音
Dave, T.N., Notes on Gujarati Phonology , Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 1931, 6 (3): 673–678, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093174 .
Firth, J.R., Phonetic Observations on Gujarati , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1957, 20 (1): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00061802 .
Mistry, P.J., Gujarati Phonology, Kaye, A.S. (編), Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997 .
Pandit, P.B., Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels , Language, 1961, 37 (1): 54–66, doi:10.2307/411249 .
Turner, Ralph Lilley, Gujarati Phonology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , 1921: 505–544 .
Turner, Ralph Lilley, Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1915: 1033–1038 .
概論
Cardona, George ; Suthar, Babu , Gujarati, Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (編), The Indo-Aryan Languages , Routledge, 2003 [2016-05-01 ] , ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5 , (原始內容存檔 於2020-12-22) .
Dalby, Andrew , Gujarati, Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-231-11568-7 .
Mistry, P.J., Gujarati, Frawley, William (編), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2 2nd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003 .
Mistry, P.J., Gujarati, Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (編), An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates, 2001 .
老古吉拉特語
Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary . American Oriental Society : New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0
Brown, W.N., An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story , Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1938, 58 (1): 5–29, doi:10.2307/594192 .
Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century . The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-947593-30-6
Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary . 43–45.
其它
Gajendragadkar, S.N., Parsi Gujarati, Bombay: University of Bombay, 1972 .
Masica, Colin , The Indo-Aryan Languages , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 [2016-05-01 ] , ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2 , (原始內容存檔 於2020-12-22) .
Mistry, P.J., Gujarati Writing, Daniels; Bright (編), The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, 1996 .
外部連結